 | Case Studies of Neem Processing Projects Assisted by GTZ in Kenya, Dominican Republic, Thailand and Nicaragua (GTZ, 2000, 152 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
|  | 1. Introduction |
| | 1.1 Survey of the GTZ's neem activities |
| | 1.2 General introduction to neem products |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.2.1 Need for neem products for pest management |
| | 1.2.2 Efficacy of neem-based pesticides |
| | 1.2.3 Comparison between home-made products and commercial products |
| | 2. Survey of neem-processing methods |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Home-made products |
| | 2.2 Commercial products |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.2.1 Collection systems |
| | 2.2.2 Harvesting methods |
| | 2.2.3 Processing technology seeds |
| | Extraction technologies |
| | (introduction...) |
| | A) Extraction with alcohol (also called one-step extraction) |
| | B) Refined neem extracts - AZADIRACHTIN-ENRICHED EXTRACTS (also called two-step extraction plant) |
| | C) Extraction using centrifuges |
| | D) Extraction with Supracritical CO2 |
| | 3. Investment costs of setting up a neem-processing plant |
| | 4. Case studies of small-scale semi-industrial neem processing in Kenya, Thailand, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua |
| | Comparison of selected countries |
| | 4.1 Kenya |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1.1 Introduction, previous activities and other projects in Kenya in relation to neem |
| | 4.1.2 Situation found prior to the project for neem industrialisation |
| | 4.1.3 The beginning of small-scale commercial neem production |
| | 4.1.4 Economic assessment of the neem processing plant in Kenya |
| | 4.1.4.1 Technical and economic description of Saroneem Biopesticides Ltd |
| | 4.1.4.2 Production costs |
| | 4.1.5 Market potential, investment possibilities, marketing and development strategies |
| | 4.1.5.1 Marketing of neem products to date |
| | 4.1.5.2 Market potential |
| | 4.1.5.3 Analysis of Economic production with and without the use of neem pesticides |
| | 4.1.5.4 Market growth potential and substitution possibilities |
| | 4.1.6 ''Lessons learnt'' |
| | 4.1.6.1 Project concept |
| | 4.1.6.2 Marketing and development strategies |
| | 4.1.7 Investment possibilities |
| | 4.1.8 Post-project experience |
| | 4.1.9 References |
| | 4.2 Documentation of neem activities in Thailand with special reference to the Thai Neem Products Company Ltd and the assistance provided to the DoA, Toxicological Division by CiM |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.2.1 Introduction |
| | 4.2.2 Previous activities and other projects in relation to neem |
| | 4.2.3 Situation found concerning abundance of neem trees and of raw material supply |
| | 4.2.4 Small-scale commercial neem production |
| | 4.2.5 Economical assessment of Thai Neem Products Company Ltd |
| | 4.2.5.1 Selected key data of the plant |
| | 4.2.5.2 Production costs |
| | 4.2.5.3 Investment possibilities |
| | 4.2.6 Market potential, marketing and development strategies |
| | 4.2.6.1 The pesticide market in Thailand |
| | 4.2.6.2 Marketing of neem products to date |
| | 4.2.6.3 Market potential |
| | 4.2.6.4 Market promotion |
| | 4.2.6.5 Marketing channel and distribution |
| | 4.2.6.6 Analysis of economic production with and without the use of neem pesticides |
| | 4.2.7 ''Lessons learnt'' and recommendations |
| | 4.2.8 References |
| | 4.3. Small-scale industrial manufacturing of neem-based pesticides in the Dominican Republic |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.3.1 Introduction |
| | 4.3.2 Previous activities and other projects related to neem |
| | 4.3.3 Small-scale commercial neem manufacturing in the Dominican Republic |
| | 4.3.4 Economic assessment of the neem-processing plant in the Dominican Republic |
| | 4.3.4.1 Technical and economic description of FAMA's neem-processing plant |
| | 4.3.4.2 Production costs of FAMA's neem-processing plant |
| | 4.3.5 Market potential for neem pesticides in the Dominican Republic |
| | 4.3.5.1 Marketing to date |
| | 4.3.5.2 Market potential of neem pesticides |
| | 4.3.5.3 Analysis of the economic production with and without the use of neem pesticides |
| | 4.3.5.4 Market growth potential and substitution possibilities |
| | 4.3.6 ''Lessons learnt'' - recommendations |
| | 4.4 Small-scale commercial neem production in Nicaragua |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.4.1 Introduction |
| | 4.4.2 Previous activities and other projects in relation to neem |
| | 4.4.3 Small-scale commercial neem production in Nicaragua |
| | 4.4.3.1 Seed collection |
| | 4.4.3.2 Processing activities |
| | 4.4.4 Economical assessment of COPINIM's processing plant in Nicaragua |
| | 4.4.4.1 Technical and economic description of the neem processing plant |
| | 4.4.4.2 Production costs at COPINIM's neem processing plant |
| | 4.4.5 Market potential for neem pesticides in Nicaragua |
| | 4.4.5.1 Marketing of neem pesticides to date |
| | 4.4.5.2 Market potential |
| | 4.4.5.3 Further neem manufacturers in Nicaragua |
| | 4.4.5.4 Analysis of the economic production with and without the use of neem pesticides |
| | 4.4.5.5 Market growth potential and substitution possibilities in Nicaragua |
| | 4.4.6 ''Lessons learnt'', recommendations and development strategies |
| | 4.4.7 References |
| | 4.4.8 Units |
| | 5. Summary and Outlook |
2.1 Home-made products
To prepare a simple extract from 1 kg of crushed neem seed or fruits, these are soaked and stirred in 20 litres of water and left for 5 to 8 hours, preferably during the daytime (Dreyer & Hellpap 1992, Hellpap 1989, Schmutterer 1995). The neem extract can be filtered and directly sprayed on the target crops, preferably in the evening to avoid UV light (which destroys the active ingredients) as long as possible.
This method is also known as the "tea bag method".
There are some examples reported from Thailand, where this method is even used for larger areas of vegetables. Farmers have developed simple technologies, putting 50 kg bags of crushed neem fruits into iron drums and spraying the water extracts on a large scale with motor driven pumps.
The neem remains or marc can be dried and packed or applied to the soil as a soil additive or to control soil insect pests and nematodes.
In addition, the neem seeds or neem cake from oil pressing may be ground to produce powder. This powder can be used to produce water extracts or can be directly applied to the soil or to plants themselves (e.g. funnels of maize).
Neem seeds can also be processed into oil which, mixed with soap (or better, an emulsifier) can be applied by spraying.
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