Partners in Time? Business, NGOs and Sustainable Development (UNRISD, 1999, 85 p.): Part 1: The changing nature of business-ngo relations: Conclusions: The Characteristics of Collaboration: Outcomes and Consequences

Partners in Time? Business, NGOs and Sustainable Development (UNRISD, 1999, 85 p.)

(introduction...)

Summary/Résumé/Resumen

Abbreviations and acronyms

Introduction

Part 1: The changing nature of business-ngo relations

Conflict and Collaboration

Business Responses to Sustainable Development

NGO Responses to Sustainable Development

(introduction...)

Defining NGOs

Three or Four Waves of Environmental NGOs?

Four Generations of Development NGOs

Southern NGOs

NGO Diversity and Tension

Case Studies of Business-NGO Relations

Toward an Understanding of Business-NGO Relations

(introduction...)

Theoretical Perspectives on Business-NGO Relations

Conclusions: The Characteristics of Collaboration

(introduction...)

Preconditions

Interactive Processes

Outcomes and Consequences

Part 2: Toward civil regulation

Introduction

The Political Dimensions of Corporate Environmentalism

NGOs and the Politics of Pressure in a Globalizing Economy

From Producer Politics to Consumer Politics

Beyond Legal Versus Self-Compliance

The Case for Civil Regulation

(introduction...)

The Corporate Rationale for Civil Regulation

The NGO Rationale for Civil Regulation

The Potential of Civil Regulation for the South

Governmental Policy Frameworks for Civil Regulation

(introduction...)

Government as Facilitator

Toward Global Private Regulation

Other Policy Options and Obstacles

Conclusion

Bibliography

Personal communications

Outcomes and Consequences

A third general way of understanding business-NGO partnership is to consider their outcomes and consequences. Gray and Wood suggest that partnership outcomes can be identified by considering “whether problems were solved... whose problems were solved... whether shared norms were achieved” and whether the partnership survived (1991:18). Another way of reviewing partnerships would be to consider some of the wider implications of closer and more collaborative business-NGO relationships. Given that most of the examples cited are still evolving and the newness of this specific area of study, the following list of partnership outcomes offers a tentative picture of an emerging phenomenon:

· partnering NGOs are gaining greater credibility as important resources for both business and society;
· some partnering businesses are being recognized for their more proactive approaches to social and environmental matters;
· other NGO and consumer pressure on partnering businesses and/or industry sectors does not necessarily end and is often maintained;
· shared norms are emerging around the general idea of sustainable development although it remains a contested and controversial problem domain;
· many specific problem areas addressed by business-NGO partnerships remain complex and multi-faceted, and therefore require ongoing dialogue and negotiation in order to identify medium- and long-term solutions.

Seen from a wider perspective, business-NGO partnerships constitute part of a changing global political and economic context which is giving rise to new models of corporate accountability and stakeholder engagement. This context is characterized by a number of international developments including the globalization of business, trade and finance; advances in communications technologies; and a growth in the number of NGOs and the scope of their activities. Many would argue that this context also includes unacceptable yet deepening levels of environmental degradation and human poverty. The perceived and actual decline in the role of the state in the face of globalization raises additional concerns about governance and regulatory gaps nationally and globally. We should remember that stories of NGO-driven corporate environmentalism are fresh straws of hope in a rotten haystack of unaccountable and irresponsible global capitalism. The unsustainable reality for billions of people on Earth today nonetheless compels us to grasp at these straws, as potential catalysts for more sustainable and equitable world futures. This is our reason for venturing a new theory of corporate environmentalism based upon civil regulation.