 | Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Foreword |
|  | Part A - Introduction |
| | 1. The freshwater imperative |
| | 2. Objectives |
| | 3. Organisation of the source book |
| | 4. Survey methodology |
| | 5. Results of the survey |
| | 6. Recommendations of the workshop |
| | 7. Information sources |
| | Part B - Technology profiles |
| | 1. Water conservation technologies |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 Dual water distribution system |
| | 1.2 Evaporation reduction |
| | 1.3 Coconut pick-ups |
| | 2. Wastewater treatment and reuse technologies |
| | 2.1 Sewage reclamation using conventional wastewater treatment |
| | 2.2 Sewage reclamation using reverse osmosis |
| | 2.3 Wastewater treatment using wetlands |
| | 2.4 Wastewater treatment using duckweed |
| | 2.5 Wastewater treatment using lagoons |
| | 2.6 Other technologies of wastewater treatment and reuse |
| | 3. Freshwater augmentation |
| | 3.1 General rainwater harvesting technologies |
| | 3.2 Rainwater harvesting for drinking water supply |
| | 3.3 Rooftop rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply |
| | 3.4 Rainwater harvesting for agricultural water supply |
| | 3.5 Rainwater harvesting for irrigation water supply |
| | 3.6 Rainwater harvesting for community water supply |
| | 3.7 Rainwater harvesting for multiple purpose use technical description |
| | 3.8 Open sky rainwater harvesting technical description |
| | 3.9 Rainwater harvesting in ponds |
| | 3.10 Artificial recharge of groundwater technical description |
| | 3.11 Fog, dew and snow harvesting |
| | 3.12 Bamboo pipe water supply system |
| | 3.13 Hydraulic ram technical description |
| | 3.14 Development and protection of natural springs |
| | 3.15 Restoration of traditional stone spouts |
| | 4. Upgrading water quality |
| | 4.1 Desalination |
| | 4.2 Pond sand filtration |
| | 4.3 Biological pretreatment of raw water |
| | Part C - Case studies |
| | 5.1 Water conservation and recycling - Gujarat State fertilizer corporation, India |
| | 5.2 Traditional methods of soil and water conservation - coconut pick-ups, India |
| | 5.3 Use of reclaimed water - Hindustan petroleum corporation limited, India |
| | 5.4 Reclaimed city sewage as industrial water - Madras fertilizers limited, Madras, India |
| | 5.5 Rainwater harvesting - the Thai rainwater jar |
| | 5.6 Daungha rainwater collection water supply project, Nepal |
| | 5.7 Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater - Krishna Delta, India |
| | 5.8 Artificial groundwater recharge - India |
| | 5.9 Integrated water conservation - Bhilai steel plant, India |
| | 5.10 Drip irrigation - India |
| | Part D - Annexes |
| | Annex 1 - Additional references |
| | Annex 2 - Table of conversion factors for metric and U.S. customary units |
| | Part E - Institutional profiles |
| | The UNEP water branch |
| | Danish hydraulic institute (DHI) |
3. Organisation of the source book
This Source Book contains three main parts. Part A presents an overview of the survey results and identifies the need for the identification of freshwater augmentation technologies in the region. The status and current use of alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in selected countries within the region are summarised based on information gathered during field surveys conducted during 1995. The methodologies used to obtain the information also are summarized, together with the results of the surveys, additional observations, conclusions, and recommendations about the technologies currently in use to augment freshwater resources. Part B, Alternative Technologies, presents a series of technology profiles which describe in greater detail the technologies currently in use to maximize water use efficiency and to augment freshwater supplies. The information provided in this part is based on an extensive literature review and the field surveys carried out in the region within four selected countries. The different technologies include water conservation, wastewater reuse, rainwater harvesting, artificial recharge of groundwater, and desalination technologies, amongst others. In addition to the technical description, each technology is analysed in terms of the extent of its use; its operation and maintenance; level of involvement; costs; effectiveness; suitability; cultural acceptability; advantages and disadvantages; and any further development of the technology that may be required. Part C contains information on selected case studies identified during the field surveys. The purpose of the case studies is to highlight especially innovative, cost effective technologies that have been successfully adopted within the region.
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