(introduction...)
Energy is as important to life as food, clothing and shelter. It
provides power for industry, lighting, heating (domestic purpose) and fuel for
transport. Our primary needs to sustain life on earth are obtained from the sun.
Since the day man invented fire, he invented also an acquired form of energy
with its uses. Initially the energy requirement were met mostly from animate
sources of energy and to some extent from wood. Therefore all these necessities
of daily life were located within walkable distance of everyone. Gradually man
learned to harness new sources of energy and use them for cooking food, making
implements and for other uses like in transportation. Minor leap started after
the evolution of agriculture and with the industrial revolution man's dependence
on energy has increased enormously.
The history of man's emergence from the ecological niche
appropriate to a medium size omnivorous mammal to his present position as the
earth's dominant species is one of increasing skill in harnessing and
manipulating energy at each stage of his evolution, has been marked by an
extension of his ability to control the natural flows and accumulated energy
resources about him.
As technology innovations proceeded at a faster pace to conquer
various problems of mechanisation, energy consumption rates also started to
gallop. It appears that the modern society has grown without understanding the
future nature of its dependence on energy. The complex edifice of industrial
civilisation, with its endless catalogue of achievement and conquest of the
physical world, has so impressed people that they have failed to see the
fragility some of supports received from the environment. Market economies based
on value addition treated many energy resources as free resources assuming
infinite availability such resources like wood, coal etc. and thus has led to
generation of more energy intensive technologies. Exponential growth in
population coupled with associated increased use of energy has actually led to
crisis situations in resources which we are now facing.
Development has always been an increasing quest of mankind, and
this has made the modern man to achieve quality of life he enjoys today. The
indiscriminate pursuit of development has led to problems like depletion of
natural resources, environmental degradation, wide economic disparities etc
(Ramachandra 1993 and Ramachandra et al 1993). This has necessitated the
thinking of "Sustainable development". The key features of sustainable energy
for development are
(a) satisfying basic human needs, (b) meeting the needs of all
sections of society, (c) promoting energy efficiency improvements
(conservation), (d) beginning transition to renewable energy sources.
Energy strategies for sustainable development should not only be
compatible with but also contribute towards development. Distribution of energy
sources is to be decentralised to energy end-uses for cooking, supply of
drinking water, agriculture, electrification, rural and urban industries
creating employment. At present biomass or fuelwood is the most widely used
alternate energy source and its use is restricted to domestic and non-commercial
purposes (Ravindranath and Ramachandra 1991). Efficient use of bioenergy by
converting biomass feed stocks into solid, liquid, gaseous and electric energy
carriers, would contribute in improving the quality of life. Use of renewable
would go long way in achieving the goal of sustainable development.
Energy is a complex process because it is possible to convert it
into different forms, transport it, store it in some form and use it for various
end-uses at innumerable number of places (Ramachandra et al 1992, Wilbur 1985,
Mortimer 1991 and Kishore et al 1988). The three components of energy system
are:
(1) Generation system: Energy resources are converted into a
transportable form like electric energy in centralised systems or as gas or
steam in a decentralised form,
(2) Transport/Transmission system: Energy system transported
from place of availability/generation to places of use.
(3) Distribution system: Distribution and use in end use
activities.
In the case of decentralised systems, all these three activities
may not be present. Energy resource is transported directly to place of use and
used in suitable end use
device.
