Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979, 178 p.): Nutritional evaluation in humans: Introduction

Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979, 178 p.)

From the charter of the United Nations University

Foreword

Perspectives on bioconversion of organic residues for rural communities

(introduction...)

Introduction

Sources of available nutrients

The most suitable materials for bioconversion

Characteristics of residues

Bioconversion systems

Physical and chemical treatments

Microbial conversion

The animal conversion phase

Summary

References

Availability of organic residues as a rural resource

(introduction...)

Discussion summary: Papers by van der Wal and Barreveld

Micro-organisms as tools for rural processing of organic residues

(introduction...)

Introduction

Microbial utilization of mono- and di-saccharide residues

Microbial conversion of starchy residues

Microbial conversion of complex mixtures of compounds (Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, etc.)

Microbial utilization of cellulose and ligno-cellulose residues

Algal culture as a source of biomass

Microbial utilization of silviculture biomass

Micro-organisms and marine and freshwater biomass

International studies on processing organic residues

References

Production of feed as an objective for bioconversion systems

(introduction...)

Introduction

General characteristics

Manure as feed

Sewage-grown micro-algae

Conclusion

References

Environmental goals for microbial bioconversion in rural communities

(introduction...)

Introduction

Health and water economy

Fertilizer and energy economy

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary: Papers by Porter, Berk and La Rivi�re

Strategies for developing small-scale fermentation processes in developing countries

(introduction...)

References

Discussion summary

Production of microbial protein foods on edible substrates, food by-products, and ligno-cellulosic wastes

(introduction...)

Preface

Introduction

Contributions to the solution of nutritional problems

Development of protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes in the western world

References

Discussion summary

The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel

(introduction...)

Introduction

Nutritional limitations in the use of tropical by-products and waste

Practical experience with tropical by-products and wastes as feed for ruminants

An integrated system for converting tropical feeds and byproducts into milk, beef, and fuel

References

Discussion summary

Possible applications of enzyme technology in rural areas

(introduction...)

Introduction

Biocatalytic processes

Enzyme hydrolysis of manioc

Whole cell systems

Cellulose degradation and utilization

Transfer of enzyme technology to rural communities

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with treated straw as feed

(introduction...)

Introduction

Experience with straw treatment

Field testing and demonstration of straw treatment

General considerations

Summary

Annex 1. The energy efficiency of the two-stage, feed-fuel processing of straw in indian villages

Annex 2. Method of calculating the value presented in table 2 for the efficiency of naoh energy usage

Annex 3. Recommendations to farmers on the treatment of straw

Annex 4. Calculated efficiency of milk production by straw-fed village buffaloes

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with algal ponds

(introduction...)

Introduction

Cultivation of algae in wastes for feed

Problems of contamination

Cultivation of algae for biofertilizer

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Organic residues in aquaculture

(introduction...)

Introduction

The range of production in aquaculture

The value of organic wastes

Direct feeding

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary

Biogas generation: developments. Problems, and tasks - an overview

(introduction...)

Introduction

What is biogas?

Microbiology of CH4, or bio-methanogenesis

The biogas plant-some technical considerations

Environmental and operational considerations

Developments and processes for rural areas

Cost-benefit analyses

Health hazards

Bottlenecks, considerations, and research and development

References

Discussion summary

Mushroom production technology for rural development

(introduction...)

Materials and methods for growing mushrooms under natural or field conditions

Growing mushrooms under semicontrolled conditions

Results and discussion

References

Discussion summary

The combination of algal and anaerobic waste treatment in a bioregenerative farm system

(introduction...)

Introduction

Algae production on organic wastes

The bioregenerative farm

References

Discussion summary

A continuous composting system for disposal and utilization of animal wastes at the village level

(introduction...)

Status of land utilization and disposal of animal wastes

A continuous composting system for land utilization of animal wastes at the village level

References

Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes

(introduction...)

State of the art of bioconversion

Technical transfer

Integrated research on agricultural waste reclamation

(introduction...)

Introduction

Production of yeast from soybean cooking waste at miso factories

Application of soy waste as koji substrate for rice miso manufacturing (5, 6)

Conclusion

References

Discussion summary

Solid state fermentation of starchy substrates

(introduction...)

Introduction

Materials and methods

Agro-economic perspectives

Summary

References

Discussion summary

Production of single-cell protein from cellulose

(introduction...)

Introduction

Experimental results

Discussion

Summary

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Analysis of energy cost of integrated systems

(introduction...)

Energy cost and energy requirement

Why energy analysis?

Net energy intensity

What criteria are offered by energy analysis?

Conclusion

References

Analysis of bioconversion systems at the village level

(introduction...)

Introduction

Approach to bioconversion analysis

Some results and costs from integrated systems

Future development possibilities

Conclusions

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation of bioconversion products for farm animals

(introduction...)

Introduction

Testing procedures for determination of nutritional value

Bioconversion products: toxicology - problems and potential

(introduction...)

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation in humans

(introduction...)

Introduction

Evaluation of products of bioconversion for human consumption

Procedures for nutritional evaluation in humans

The evaluation of various food products

Concept of productivity

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary: Papers by van Weerden, Shacklady, and Bressani

Biomass from organic residues for animal and human feeding

(introduction...)

References

Discussion summary

Appropriate biotechnology - summary remarks

(introduction...)

References

Other UNU Publications

(introduction...)

Books

Introduction

It is difficult to realize that, of the total amount of energy devoted to agricultural production, only a small fraction is harvested to be used directly or indirectly for animal and human feeding. Most of the energy is left behind, either in the field, in food processing factories, or feed lots. This unused energy has various forms, and is often of complex chemical composition. It may be biologically inert or highly active; it may be tough or very fragile, and susceptible to rapid deterioration. Most of the time these agricultural residues are a nuisance from the human point of view, for indeed, we call them wastes. There are many examples, but one that illustrates how wasteful agricultural systems can be is the growing of coffee. From 100 9 of dried fruit, only 12 g are actually consumed as solids to make about six cups of coffee (1). For most basic food crops, such as grains and food legumes, the harvest index is only about 0.50.

For various reasons, man is now learning to utilize such wastes, imitating the ways of nature to maintain ongoing biological cycles for the continuation of life in harmonious balance.

The term "waste" describes in a broad, non-specific way the raw material to be utilized, and it is because of its complexity, toughness, and general state that its use in bioconversion systems cannot at present, with a few exceptions, yield products that can be readily utilized directly by man. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about biological evaluation of the products of bioconversion for human use in the context of the raw material itself. It must first be processed. The only known exceptions are algae and mushrooms. This paper presents a discussion of methods used for the evaluation of unconventional products.