Appendix 1 - Program

Traditional Knowledge and Sustainable
Development Conference
The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

September 27, 1993

Introductory Remarks

Mohamed T. El-Ashry, Chief Environmental Adviser to the President and Director of Environment, World Bank [now Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, Global Environment Facility, U.S.A.]

The Value of Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Development

Moderator: Emmanuel Asibey, Senior Ecologist, Agriculture and Environment Division, Southern Africa Country Department, World Bank

Keynote Speaker: Dr. Ntombie R. Gata, Deputy Director, Department of Research and Specialist Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, and Water Development, Zimbabwe

Contributions of Traditional Knowledge to Health and the Environment

Moderator: Mario Ramos, Senior Environment Specialist, Land, Water, and Natural Habitats Division, Environment Department, World Bank [now Senior Environmental Specialist, Global Environment Facility, U.S.A.]

Speakers: Maurice M. Iwu, Visiting Senior Research Associate, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S.A.; Professor of Pharmacognosy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

Arturo Argueta, Ethnobiologist, Advisor to General Director, National Indigenous Institute, Mexico

Moelagi Jackson, President, Faasao Savaii Society, Western Samoa

Cindy Gilday, Special Advisor, Department of Renewable Resources, Government of Northwest Territories, Canada

Discussant: Janis Alcorn, Program Manager for Asia/Pacific, Biodiversity Support Program, U.S.A.

Summary and Concluding Remarks

Pierre Landell-Mills, Senior Policy Adviser, Office of the Vice President, Environmentally Sustainable Development, World Bank [now Chief, Resident Mission, World Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh]

September 28, 1993

Traditional Institutions, Participation, and Development in Africa

Moderator: Mamadou Dia. Chief, Capacity Building and Implementation Division, Africa Technical Department, World Bank

Speakers: Bernard La Ouedraogo, President, Association International, (Six-"S") Se Servir de la Saison Se en Savane et au Sahel, Burkina Faso

Nana Odoru Numapau II, President, National House of Chiefs, Ghana

Discussants: Moses Kiggundu, Professor, School of Business, Carleton University, Canada

Paula Donnelly-Roark, Public Sector Management Specialist, Capacity Building and Implementation Division, Africa Technical Department, World Bank

Indigenous Development Planning

Moderator: Maritta Koch-Weser, Chief, Environment and Natural Resources Division, Asia Technical Department, World Bank

Speakers: Bachir Soahlal, Task Manager, Matruh Natural Resource Management Project, Agriculture Operations Division, Middle East and North Africa Country Department, World Bank

Peter Klemann, German Team Leader, Qasr Rural Development Project, GTZ, Egypt

Salima Abd El Rehim Mohamed, Officer for the Women's Affairs Program, Qasr Rural Development Project, Egypt

Theodore Van der Pluijm, Director, Latin America and Caribbean Division, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Italy

Jorge Terena, Director, Regional Support Program for Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon Basin, International Fund for Agricultural Development; and Andean Development Corporation, Ecuador

Roberto Haudry, Project Official, Latin America and Caribbean Division, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Italy

Discussant: Shelton H. Davis, Principal Sociologist, Social Policy and Resettlement Division, Environment Department, World Bank

Summary: Whaimutu Dewes, Attorney, Fletcher Challenge Ltd., New Zealand

Mamadou Dia. Chief, Capacity Building and Implementation Division, Africa Technical Department, World Bank

Concluding Remarks

Ismail Serageldin, Vice President, Environmentally Sustainable Development, World Bank

Appendix 2 - Participants

Invited Participants

Janis B. Alcorn
Program Manager for Asia/Pacific
Biodiversity Support Program
World Wildlife Fund
1250 24th St., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20037, U.S.A.

Arturo Argueta
Ethnobiologist
Advisor to General Director
Instituto Nacional Indigenista
Av. Revolucion No.1279, 2o. Piso
Col. Tlacopac
01010 Mexico 20, DF, Mexico

Whaimutu Dewes
Attorney
Fletcher Challenge, Ltd.
810 Great South Road, Penrose
Private Bag 92114
Auckland, New Zealand

Mohamed T. El-Ashry
Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
Global Environment Facility
1818 H Street, N.W.
Room G 6005
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

Ntombie Gata
Deputy Director
Department of Research and Specialist Services
Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Water Development
P.O. Box 8108 Causeway
Fifth Street Extension
Harare, Zimbabwe

Cindy Gilday
Special Adviser
Department of Renewable Resources
Government of Northwest Territories
Box 1320
Sixth Floor, Scotia Center
Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, XI.A 2L9

Roberto Haudry (de Soucy)
Project Official
Latin America and Caribbean Division
International Fund for Agricultural Development
107, Via Del Serafico
00142 Rome, Italy

Maurice Iwu
Visiting Senior Research Associate
Division of Experimental Therapeutics
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Washington, D.C. 20307-5100, U.S.A.; and
Professor of Pharmacognosy
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Nigeria

Moelagi Jackson
President
Faasao Savaii Society
P.O. Box 5002
c/o Salelologa Post Office
Savaii, Western Samoa

Moses Kiggundu
Professor
School of Business
Carleton University
BENDAS
174 Cobourg Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1V 8H5

Peter Klemann
German Team Leader
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Qasr Rural Development Project (QRDP)
Directorate of Agriculture Bldg.
P.O. Box 18
Marsa Matruh, Egypt

Salima Abd El Rehim Mohamed
Officer for the Women Affairs Program
Qasr Rural Development Project (QRDP)
Directorate of Agriculture Bldg.
P.O. Box 18
Marsa Matruh, Egypt

Nana Oduro Numapau II
Efssumejaheme
President, National House of Chiefs
State House of Accra
P.O. Box 4148
Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana

Bernard La Ouedraogo
President
Association Internationale, Six-"S"
Se Servir de la Saison Se en Savane et au Sahel
B.P.100
Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso

Mario Ramos
Senior Environment Specialist
Global Environment Facility
1818 H Street, N.W.
Room G-6024
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

Jorge Terena
Quadra 07 Conjunto "A" Casa 10
73035-070 - Sobradinho
Brasilia, D.P., Brazil

Theodore Van der Pluijm
Director
Latin America and Caribbean Division
International Fund for Agricultural Development
107 Via Del Serafico
00142 Rome, Italy

World Bank Staff Participants

Unless otherwise noted, all World Bank staff can be reached at:

1818 H. Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C., 20433, U.S.A.

Emmanuel Asibey
Senior Ecologist
Agriculture and Environment Division
Southern Africa Country Department
Room J 4-171

Shelton H. Davis
Principal Sociologist
Social Policy and Resettlement Division
Environment Department
Room S 5-033

Mamadou Dia
Chief
Capacity Building and Implementation Division
Africa Technical Department
Room J 2-131

Paula Donnelly-Roark
Public Sector Management Specialist
Capacity Building and Implementation Division
Africa Technical Department
Room J 2-151

Maritta Koch-Weser
Chief
Environment and Natural Resource Division
Asia Technical Department
Room MC 8-427

Pierre Landell-Mills
Chief
Resident Mission
World Bank
G.P.O. 97
Dhaka, Bangladesh

Ismail Serageldin
Vice President
Environmentally Sustainable Development
Room S 7-031

Bachir Souhlal
Task Manager
Matruh Natural Management Project
Agriculture Operations Division
Middle East and North Africa Country-Department
Room H 9-013

Appendix 3 - Indigenous knowledge resource centers

Established Centers

Global Indigenous Knowledge Resource Centers

1. Centre for International Research and Advisory Networks (CIRAN): Drs. G. W. von Liebenstein, Director; Nuffic/CIRAN, POB 29777, 2502 LT, The Hague, The Netherlands; (Tel: 31-70-426-0321), Fax: 31-70-426-0329; EMail: [email protected])

2. Centre for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD); Dr. D. Michael Warren, Director, CIKARD, 318 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 U.S.A. (Tel: 515-294-0938, Fax: 515-2941708; EMail: BITNET S2.DMW@ISUMVS)

3. Leiden Ethonosystems and Development Programme (LEAD): Dr. L. Jan Slikkerveer, Director; LEAD Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, University of Leiden, POB 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands (Tel: 31-71-273469, Fax: 31-71-273-619)

Regional Indigenous Knowledge Resource Centers

4. African Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (ARCIK): Prof. Adedotun Phillips, Director and Dr. Tunji Titilola, Research Coordinator; ARCIK, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER); PMB 5 - UI Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria (Fax: 022-416-129 or 01-614-397)

5. Regional Program for the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA): Dr. Evelyn Mathias-Mundy, Coordinator; REP PIKA, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Silang, Cavite, Philippines (Tel: 0969-9451, Fax: 632 522-2494)

National Indigenous Knowledge Resource Centers

6. Ghana Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (GHARCIK): Mensah Bonsu, Director: GHARCIK, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (Tlx: 2552 UCC GH)

7. Indonesian Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (INRIK): Prof. Dr. Kusnaka Adimihardja, Director; INRIK, Department of Anthropology, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40132 Indonesia (Fax: 022-431-938)

8. Mexican Research, Teaching and Service Network on Indigenous Knowledge (RIDSCA Red de Investigacion, Docencia y Servicio en Conocimientos Autoctonos): Dr. Antonio Macias Lopez, Director; Colegio de Postgraduados, CEICADAR, Apartado Postal L 12, C.P. 72130, Col. La Libertad, Puebla, Pue., Mexico (Tel: 4800-88, 48-09-78, 48-05-42; Fax: 22-493-995)

9. Philippine Resource Centre for Sustainable Development and Indigenous Knowledge (PhiRCSDIK): Dr. Rogelio C. Serrano, National Coordinator; Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARD), Los Ba Laguna, Philippines (Fax: 63-09450016; Tlx: 40860 PARRS PM)

10. Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK): Dr. Mohamed Isahakia, Acting Director; The National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya (Tel: 254-2742161; Fax: 245-2-741-424)

11. Sri Lanka Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (SLARCIK): Dr. Rohana Ulluwishewa, Director; Department of Geography, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka (Tel: 55-2695/2696/ 3191 /3192)

12. Venezuelan Secretariat for Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development (VERSIK): Dr. Consuelo Quiroz, Coordinator; Center for Tropical Alternative Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Agrarian Science Department, Nucleo "Rafael Rangel", Universidad de los Andes, Trujillo-Estado Trujillo, Venezuela (Fax: 58-072-33667)

13. Burkina Faso Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (Centre Burkinabe Recherche sur les Pratiques et Savoirs Paysans) (BURCIK): Dr. Bagsa E. Dialla, Director; IRSSH, B.P. 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Tel: 226362835; Fax: 226-336517)

14. South African Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (SARCIK): Dr. Morris H. Cohen, Co-Director; The Institute for Indigenous Theory and Practice, 110 Long Street, 8001 Cape Town, South Africa (Tel: 27-21-242012; Fax: 27-21-262466)

15. Brasil Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (BRARCIK): Dr. Antonio Joao Cancian, Director; Depto. de Biologia - UNESP, 14870.000, Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil (Fax: 5516322-4275; EMail: [email protected])

16. Nigerian Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (NIRCIK): Dr. James O. Olukosi, Coordinator; Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1044, Zaria, Nigeria (Tel: 234-69-50571-4 Ext. 4322; Fax: 234-69-50891 or 234-69-50563; Tlx: 75248 NITEZ NG)

17. Uruguay Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (URURCIK): Pedro de Hegedus, Coordinator; Centro de Estudios pare el Desarrollo-Uruguay/Centre for Development Studies-Uruguay (CEDESUR), Casilla Correo 20.201-Codigo Postal 12.900, Sayago, Montevideo, Uruguay (Tel: 5-982-350634; Fax: 5-982-913780; EMail: [email protected]. apc.org)

18. Cameroon Indigenous Knowledge Organization (CIKO): Professor C.N. Ngwasiri, Director; Private Sector Research Institution, P.O. Box 170, Buea, Southwest Province, Cameroon (Tel: 237-32-2690; Fax: 237-32-2514 or 43-0813)

19. Madagascar Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (MARCIK): Ms. Juliette Ratsimandrava, Director; Centre d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique, Minist de la Recherche Appliquau Dloppement, 21 rue Fernand Kasanga, B.P. 6224, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar

Centers Being Established

1. Regional/Sub-Regional Centers: European Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge, Trans-Andean Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge

2. National Centers: Australia, Benin, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Mali, Namibia, Nepal, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Viet Nam, and Zimbabwe

Appendix 4 - Operational directive (OD) 4.20: Indigenous peoples

The World Bank Operational Manual

Introduction

1. This directive describes Back¹ policies and processing procedures for projects that affect indigenous peoples. It sets out basic definitions, policy objectives, guidelines for the design and implementation of project provisions or components for indigenous peoples, and processing and documentation requirements.

2. The directive provides policy guidance to (a) ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects, and (b) avoid or mitigate potentially adverse effects on indigenous people caused by Bank-assisted activities. Special action is required where Bank investments affect indigenous peoples, tribes, ethnic minorities, or other groups whose social and economic status restricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights in land and other productive resources.

Definitions

3. The terms "indigenous peoples," "indigenous ethnic minorities," "tribal groups," and "scheduled tribes" describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. For the purposes of this directive, "indigenous peoples" is the term that will be used to refer to these groups. 4. Within their national constitutions, statutes, and relevant legislation, many of the Bank's borrower countries include specific definitional clauses and legal frameworks that provide a preliminary basis for identifying indigenous peoples.

5. Because of the varied and changing contexts in which indigenous peoples are found, no single definition can capture their diversity. Indigenous people are commonly among the poorest segments of a population. They engage in economic activities that range from shifting agriculture in or near forests to wage labor or even small-scale market-oriented activities. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics:

(a) a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas;
(b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group;
(c) an indigenous language, often different from the national language;
(d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and
(e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.

Task managers (TMs) must exercise judgment in determining the populations to which this directive applies and should make use of specialized anthropological and sociological experts throughout the project cycle.

Objective and Policy

6. The Bank's broad objective towards indigenous people, as for all the people in its member countries, is to ensure that the development process fosters full respect for their dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness. More specifically, the objective at the center of this directive is to ensure that indigenous peoples do not suffer adverse effects during the development process, particularly from Bankfinanced projects, and that they receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits.

7. How to approach indigenous peoples affected by development projects is a controversial issue. Debate is often phrased as a choice between two opposed positions. One pole is to insulate indigenous populations whose cultural and economic practices make it difficult for them to deal with powerful outside groups. The advantages of this approach are the special protections that are provided and the preservation of cultural distinctiveness; the costs are the benefits foregone from development programs. The other pole argues that indigenous people must be acculturated to dominant society values and economic activities so that they can participate in national development. Here the benefits can include improved social and economic opportunities, but the cost is often the gradual loss of cultural differences.

8. The Bank's policy is that the strategy for addressing the issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Thus, identifying local preferences through direct consultation, incorporation of indigenous knowledge into project approaches, and appropriate early use of experienced specialists are core activities for any project that affects indigenous peoples and their rights to natural and economic resources.

9. Cases will occur, especially when dealing with the most isolated groups, where adverse impacts are unavoidable and adequate mitigation plans have not been developed. In such situations, the Bank will not appraise projects until suitable plans are developed by the borrower and reviewed by the Bank. In other cases, indigenous people may wish to be and can be incorporated into the development process. In sum, a full range of positive actions by the borrower must ensure that indigenous people benefit from development investments.

Bank Role

10. The Bank addresses issues on indigenous peoples through (a) country economic and sector work, (b) technical assistance, and (c) investment project components or provisions. Issues concerning indigenous peoples can arise in a variety of sectors that concern the Bank; those involving, for example, agriculture, road construction, forestry, hydropower, mining, tourism, education, and the environment should be carefully screened.² Issues related to indigenous peoples are commonly identified through the environmental assessment or social impact assessment processes, and appropriate measures should be taken under environmental mitigation actions (see OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment).

11. Country Economic and Sector Work. Country departments should maintain information on trends in government policies and institutions that deal with indigenous peoples. Issues concerning indigenous peoples should be addressed explicitly in sector and subsector work and brought into the Bank-country dialogue. National development policy frameworks and institutions for indigenous peoples often need to be strengthened in order to create a stronger basis for designing and processing projects with components dealing with indigenous peoples.

12. Technical Assistance. Technical assistance to develop the borrower's abilities to address issues on indigenous people can be provided by the Bank. Technical assistance is normally given within the context of project preparation, but technical assistance may also be needed to strengthen the relevant government institutions or to support development initiatives taken by indigenous people themselves.

13. Investment Projects. For an investment project that affects indigenous peoples, the borrower should prepare an indigenous peoples development plan that is consistent with the Bank's policy. Any project that affects indigenous peoples is expected to include components or provisions that incorporate such a plan. When the bulk of the direct project beneficiaries are indigenous people, the Bank's concerns would be addressed by the project itself and the provisions of this OD would thus apply to the project in its entirety.

Indigenous Peoples Development Plan³

Prerequisites

14. Prerequisites of a successful development plan for indigenous peoples are as follows:

(a) The key step in project design is the preparation of a culturally appropriate development plan based on full consideration of the options preferred by the indigenous people affected by the project.

(b) Studies should make all efforts to anticipate adverse trends likely to be induced by the project and develop the means to avoid or mitigate harm.⁴

(c) The institutions responsible for government interaction with indigenous peoples should possess the social, technical, and legal skills needed for carrying out the proposed development activities. Implementation arrangements should be kept simple. They should normally involve appropriate existing institutions, local organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with expertise in matters relating to indigenous peoples.

(d) Local patterns of social organization, religious beliefs, and resource use should be taken into account in the plan's design.

(e) Development activities should support production systems that are well adapted to the needs and environment of indigenous peoples, and should help production systems under stress to attain sustainable levels.

The plan should avoid creating or aggravating the dependency of indigenous people on project entities. Planning should encourage early handover of project management to local people. As needed, the plan should include general education and training in management skills for indigenous people from the onset of the project.

(g) Successful planning for indigenous peoples frequently requires long lead times, as well as arrangement for extended follow-up. Remote or neglected areas where little previous experience is available often require additional research and pilot programs to finetune development proposals.

(h) Where effective programs are already functioning, Bank support can take the form of incremental funding to strengthen them rather than the development of entirely new programs.

Contents

15. The development plan should be prepared in tandem with the preparation of the main investment. In many cases, proper protection of the rights of indigenous people will require the implementation of special project components that may lie outside the primary project's objectives. These components can include activities related to health and nutrition, productive infrastructure, linguistic and cultural preservation, entitlement to natural resources, and education. The project component for indigenous peoples development should include the following elements, as needed:

(a) Legal Framework. The plan should contain an assessment of (i) the legal status of the groups covered by this OD, as reflected in the country's constitution, legislation, and subsidiary legislation (regulations, administrative orders, etc.); and (ii) the ability of such groups to obtain access to and effectively use the legal system to defend their rights. Particular attention should be given to the rights of indigenous peoples to use and develop the lands that they occupy, to be protected against illegal intruders, and to have access to natural resources (such as forests, wildlife, and water) vital to their subsistence and reproduction.

(b) Baseline Data. Baseline data should include (i) accurate, up-to-date maps and aerial photographs of the area of project influence and the areas inhabited by indigenous peoples; (ii) analysis of the social structure and income sources of the population; (iii) inventories of the resources that indigenous people use and technical data on their production systems; and (iv) the relationship of indigenous peoples to other local and national groups. It is particularly important that baseline studies capture the full range of production and marketing activities in which indigenous people are engaged. Site visits by qualified social and technical experts should verify and update secondary sources.

(c) Land Tenure. When local legislation needs strengthening, the Bank should offer to advise and assist the borrower in establishing legal recognition of the customary or traditional land tenure systems of indigenous peoples. Where the traditional lands of indigenous peoples have been brought by law into the domain of the state and where it is inappropriate to convert traditional rights into those of legal ownership, alternative arrangements should be implemented to grant long-term, renewable rights of custodianship and use to indigenous peoples. These steps should be taken before the initiation of other planning steps that may be contingent on recognized land titles.

(d) Strategy for Local Participation. Mechanisms should be devised and maintained for participation by indigenous people in decision making throughout project planning, implementation, and evaluation. Many of the larger groups of indigenous people have their own representative organizations that provide effective channels for communicating local preferences. Traditional leaders occupy pivotal positions for mobilizing people and should be brought into the planning process, with due concern for ensuring genuine representation of the indigenous population.⁵ No foolproof methods exist, however, to guarantee full local-level participation. Sociological and technical advice provided through the Regional environment divisions (REDs) is often needed to develop mechanisms appropriate for the project area.

(e) Technical Identification of Development or Mitigation Activities. Technical proposals should proceed from on-site research by qualified professionals acceptable to the Bank. Detailed descriptions should be prepared and appraised for such proposed services as education, training, health, credit, and legal assistance. Technical descriptions should be included for the planned investments in productive infrastructure. Plans that draw upon indigenous knowledge are often more successful than those introducing entirely new principles and institutions. For example, the potential contribution of traditional health providers should be considered in planning delivery systems for health care.

(f) Institutional Capacity. The government institutions assigned responsibility for indigenous peoples are often weak. Assessing the track record, capabilities, and needs of those institutions is a fundamental requirement. Organizational issues that need to be addressed through Bank assistance are the (i) availability of funds for investments and field operations; (ii) adequacy of experienced professional staff; (iii) ability of indigenous peoples' own organizations, local administration authorities, and local NGOs to interact with specialized government institutions; (iv) ability of the executing agency to mobilize other agencies involved in the plan's implementation; and (v) adequacy of field presence.

(g) Implementation Schedule. Components should include an implementation schedule with benchmarks by which progress can be measured at appropriate intervals. Pilot programs are often needed to provide planning information for phasing the project component for indigenous peoples with the main investment. The plan should pursue the long-term sustainability of project activities subsequent to completion of disbursement.

(h) Monitoring and Evaluation.⁶ Independent monitoring capacities are usually needed when the institutions responsible for indigenous populations have weak management histories. Monitoring by representatives of indigenous peoples' own organizations can be an efficient way for the project management to absorb the perspectives of indigenous beneficiaries and is encouraged by the Bank. Monitoring units should be staffed by experienced social science professionals, and reporting formats and schedules appropriate to the project's needs should be established. Monitoring and evaluation reports should be reviewed jointly by the senior management of the implementing agency and by the Bank. The evaluation reports should be made available to the public.

(i) Cost Estimates and Financing Plan. The plan should include detailed cost estimates for planned activities and investments. The estimates should be broken down into unit costs by project year and linked to a financing plan. Such programs as revolving credit funds that provide indigenous people with investment pools should indicate their accounting procedures and mechanisms for financial transfer and replenishment. It is usually helpful to have as high a share as possible of direct financial participation by the Bank in project components dealing with indigenous peoples.

Identification

16. During project identification, the borrower should be informed of the Bank's policy for indigenous peoples. The approximate number of potentially affected people and their location should be determined and shown on maps of the project area. The legal status of any affected groups should also be discussed. TMs should ascertain the relevant government agencies, and their policies, procedures, programs, and plans for indigenous peoples affected by the proposed project (see pares. 11 and 15(a)). TMs should also initiate anthropological studies necessary to identify local needs and preferences (see pare. 15(b)). TMs, in consultation with the REDs, should signal indigenous peoples issues and the overall project strategy in the Initial Executive Project Summary (IEPS).

Preparation

17. If it is agreed in the IEPS meeting that special action is needed, the indigenous peoples development plan or project component should be developed during project preparation. As necessary, the Bank should assist the borrower in preparing terms of reference and should provide specialized technical assistance (see pare. 12). Early involvement of anthropologists and local NGOs with expertise in matters related to indigenous peoples is a useful way to identify mechanisms for effective participation and local development opportunities. In a project that involves the land rights of indigenous peoples, the Bank should work with the borrower to clarify the steps needed for putting land tenure on a regular footing as early as possible, since land disputes frequently lead to delays in executing measures that are contingent on proper land titles (see pare. 15(c)).

Appraisal

18. The plan for the development component for indigenous peoples should be submitted to the Bank along with the project's overall feasibility report, prior to project appraisal. Appraisal should assess the adequacy of the plan, the suitability of policies and legal frameworks, the capabilities of the agencies charged with implementing the plan, and the adequacy of the allocated technical, financial, and social resources. Appraisal teams should be satisfied that indigenous people have participated meaningfully in the development of the plan as described in pare. 14(a) (also see pare. 15(d)). It is particularly important to appraise proposals for regularizing land access and use.

Implementation and Supervision

19. Supervision planning should make provisions for including the appropriate anthropological, legal, and technical skills in Bank supervision missions during project implementation (see pare. 15(g) and (h), and OD 13.05, Project Supervision). Site visits by TMs and specialists are essential. Midterm and final evaluations should assess progress and recommend corrective actions when necessary.

Documentation

20. The borrower's commitments for implementing the indigenous peoples development plan should be reflected in the loan documents; legal provisions should provide Bank staff with clear benchmarks that can be monitored during supervision. The Staff Appraisal Report and the Memorandum and Recommendation of the President should summarize the plan or project provisions.

Notes

1. "Bank" includes IDA, and "loans" include credits.

2. Displacement of indigenous people can be particularly damaging, and special efforts should be made to avoid it. See OD 4.30, Involuntary Resettlement, for additional policy guidance on resettlement issues involving indigenous people.

3. Regionally specific technical guidelines for preparing indigenous peoples components, and case studies of best practices, are available from the [World Bank] Regional environment divisions (REDs).

4. For guidance on indigenous peoples and environmental assessment procedures, see OD 4.01, Environmental Assessment, and Chapter 7 of World Bank, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Technical Paper No. 139 (Washington, D.C., 1991).

5. See also "Community Involvement and the Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Environmental Assessment" in World Bank, Environmental [Assessment] Sourcebook, Technical Paper No. 139 (Washington, D.C., 1991).

6. See OD 10.70, Project Monitoring and Evaluation.

Appendix 5 - Selected bibliography

Bannerman, R., and others. Traditional Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1983.

Beauclerk, John, and Jeremy Narby with Janet Townsend. Indigenous Peoples: A Fieldguide for Development. Oxford: Oxfam. 1988.

Bhatnagar, Bhuvan, and Aubrey Williams, eds. Participatory Development and the World Bank. World Bank Discussion Paper no. 183. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1992.

Bodeker, Gerald. "Traditional Health Knowledge and Public Policy." Nature and Resources 30(2)(1994): 5-16.

Brascoupe, Simon. "Indigenous Perspectives on International Development." In Indigenous Economics: Toward a Natural World Order. Special Issue of American Indian Program. Akwe: Kon Journal 9(2). Ithaca: Cornell University. 1992.

Burger, Julian. The Gaia Atlas of First Peoples: A Future for the Indigenous World. New York: Anchor Books, 1990.

Cernea, Michael M., ed. Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Development. 2d ed. New York and London: Oxford University Press. 1991. (Originally published in 1985.)

Davis, Shelton H. Indigenous Peoples, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Occasional Paper Series. Geneva: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1988.

------, ed. Indigenous Views of Land and the Environment. World Bank Discussion Paper no. 188. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1993.

Goodland, Robert. Tribal Peoples and Economic Development: Human Ecological Considerations. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1982.

Henry, P. M., and Basile T. Kossou. La dimension culturelle du dloppement. Coll. "Nouvelles Editions Africaines." Paris: UNESCO. 1985.

International Institute for Environment and Development. Beyond Farmer First: Rural People's Knowledge, Agricultural Research and Extension Practice. Research Series of the Sustainable Agriculture Programme. Vol. 1. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. 1993.

Iwu, Maurice, M. African Ethnomedicine. 2d ed. Nsukka, Nigeria: UPS Press. 1986.

-------. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1993.

Jodha, N. S. Common Property Resources: A Missing Dimension of Development Strategies. World Bank Discussion Paper no. 169. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1992.

Linden, Eugene. "Lost Tribes, Lost Knowledge." Time 138 (12) (September 23, 1991): 46-56.

Serageldin, Ismail, and June Taboroff, eds. Culture and Development in Africa: Proceedings of an International Conference. Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series no. 1. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1994.

United Nations Development Programme. Conserving Indigenous Knowledge: Integrating Two Systems of Innovation. An Independent Study by the Rural Advancement Foundation International. New York: Bureau for Policy and Programme Support, United Nations Development Programme. 1994.

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