Small-Scale Processing of Fish (ILO - WEP, 1982, 140 p.): CHAPTER II. SALTING - DRYING - FERMENTING: VII. FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS: (introduction...)

Small-Scale Processing of Fish (ILO - WEP, 1982, 140 p.)

(introduction...)

Acknowledgements

Preface

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

(introduction...)

I. FISH SPECIES

II. PROCESSING METHODS

III. PREVENTION OF LOSSES AND SPOILAGE OF FISH

(introduction...)

III.1. Prevention of spoilage of fish before processing

III.2. Prevention of spoilage of fish during processing

III.3. Prevention of spoilage of fish after processing

CHAPTER II. SALTING - DRYING - FERMENTING

(introduction...)

I. FISH PREPARATION

(introduction...)

I.1. Equipment for fish preparation

I.2. Gutting and splitting methods

II. SALTING

(introduction...)

II.1. Kench salting

II.2. Pickle curing

II.3. Brine salting

II.4. Salt quality

III. DRYING

III.1. Basic principles

III.2. Natural drying

III.3. Artificial drying

III.4. Solar drying

IV. PACKAGING AND STORAGE

V. METHODS OF PREPARATION

(introduction...)

V.1. Dried/salted fish

V.2. Dried-unsalted fish

V.3. Dried/salted shark

VI. GENERAL PLAN FOR A FISH CURING YARD

VII. FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS

(introduction...)

VII.1. Products which retain substantially the original form of the fish

VII.2. Fish paste products

VII.3. Liquid fish products

VII.4. Packaging

CHAPTER III. FISH SMOKING AND BOILING

(introduction...)

I. SMOKING

(introduction...)

I.1. Fish preparation prior to smoking

I.2. Cold smoking

I.3. Hot smoking

I.4. Fuel

I.5. Smoking kilns

I.6. Preparation of some smoked fish products

I.7. Packaging and storage of smoked fish

II. BOILED FISH PRODUCTS

(introduction...)

II.1. Traditional processing methods

II.2. Quality of boiled fish products

CHAPTER IV. THERMAL PROCESSING

(introduction...)

I. RAW MATERIALS

II. ENERGY AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

III. PROCESSING OPERATIONS

III.1. Filling and sealing

III.2. Sterilisation

III.3. Cooling

IV. QUALITY CONTROL

V. POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF METAL CANS

(introduction...)

V.1. Reusable container

V.2. New developments in aseptic (retortable) pouches

CHAPTER V. ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES: EVALUATION, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND MANPOWER TRAINING

(introduction...)

I. ASSESSMENT OF COSTS

II. SALTING AND DRYING

III. SMOKING

IV. THERMAL PROCESSING

V. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FISH PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

VI. ASSISTANCE TO THE SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES SECTOR: MANPOWER TRAINING AND SUPPORTING SERVICES

(introduction...)

VI.1. The socio-economic framework

VI.2. Infrastructural requirements

VI.3. Organisation of production and marketing of fresh and cured fish

VI.4. Extension services and training

CHAPTER VI. IMPACT OF SMALL SCALE FISH PROCESSING OPERATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

(introduction...)

I. FISH RESOURCES

II. WASTE DISPOSAL

III. AIR POLLUTION

IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I. Codex Codes and Standards issued by the Secretariat of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO, Rome.

APPENDIX II. Bibliographical references

QUESTIONNAIRE

OTHER ILO PUBLICATIONS

BACK COVER

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Fermentation involves the hydrolysis or breakdown of proteins into their constituents peptides and amino acids. The development of the characteristic odours and flavours of putrefaction is prevented by the addition of salt in varying but usually large amounts, similar to those used for pickled fish. The products are not dried after salting. In some circumstances, carbohydrates may be added which result in the formation of acids which further help to impart a characteristic flavour and odour as well as providing a further degree of preservation.

In general, three types of fermented fish products (Subba Rao, 1961) can be distinguished:

(i) Products in which the fish retain substantially their original form or in which large chunks are preserved (e.g. pedah siam (Thailand), makassar (Indonesia) and buro (Philippines));
(ii) Products in which the fish are reduced to a paste (e.g. ngapi (Burma), pra-hoc (Cambodia), belachan/trassi (Malaysia/Indonesia) and bagoong (Philippines));
(iii) Products in which the fish are reduced to a liquid (e.g. budu (Malaysia), patis (Philippines), nuoc-mam (Viet Nam) and nampla (Thailand)).

Few of these products and processes are found outside South-East Asia and, as with other methods of fish curing, traditional practices developed over many years predominate. These vary considerably from place to place, depending on local taste, raw materials available and care taken during processing. Many traditional products are of excellent quality and often rely on traditional skills which are difficult to emulate with modern processing methods. It is unclear whether the fermented fish products could be introduced successfully into other areas due to problems of consumer acceptability. The fermented products of South-East Asia are many and varied and, for the purposes of this review, it is only possible to cover a few of the more important products and processes.