Notes

1. The Paradox

1. Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangladesh: Country Development Brief, 1973, cited in Food First, p. 19.

2. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1: The Main Report, September 15, 1974, p. 1.

3. According to World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. iv, per capita income is $91. Life expectancy from United States Agency for International Development (A. I. D. ), FY 1978, Submission to Congress: Asia Programs, February, 1977, p. 16.

4. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1: The Main Report, September 15, 1974, p. 2.

5. Nutrition Survey of Rural Bangladesh, 1975-76, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dacca, December, 1977.

6. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December, 15, 1978, country data, p. 1.

7. "World Hunger, Health and Refugee Problems: Summary of Special Study Mission to Asia and the Middle East," report prepared for the Subcommittee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, January 1976, p. 99.

8. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Economic Situation and Development Policy Issues, May 19, 1977, p. 34.

9. Rice yields for 1928-32 can be found in Nafis Ahmad, An Economic Geography of East Pakistan, London: Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 129.

10. Ibid, p. 75.

2. Riches to Rags

1. William Bolts, Considerations on Indian Affairs, London, 1772, cited in Ramkrishna Mukherjee, The Rise and Fall of the East India Company, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974, pp. 302-303.

2. Helen Lamb, "The 'State' end Economic Development in India," in S. Kuznets et al, ea., Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1955, p. 468.

3. Cited in Mukherjee, p. 304.

4. Cited in Mukherjee, pp. 337-338.

5. Abu Abdullah, "Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Bangladesh," The Bangladesh Development Studies, volume IV, no. 1, January 1976, p. 69.

6. Cited in A.R. Mallick, British Policy and the Muslims in Bengal, Dacca: 1961.

7. Lamb, p. 490.

8. For example, Home Minister Sir Herbert Risley frankly described the motives behind the 1905 partition of Bengal along religious lines: "Bengal united is a power. Bengal divided will pull in different ways.... One of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule." Quoted in A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge: India Between 1890 and 1910, Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1967, p. 95.

3. Who Owns the Land?

1. F. Tomasson Jannuzi and James T. Peach, Report on the Hierarchy of Interests in Land in Bangladesh, Washington, D.C.: Agency for International Development, September 1977, pp. xxi, 30.

2. Azizur Rahman Khan, "Poverty and Inequality in Rural Bangladesh," in Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia, Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1977, p. 142.

3. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 70.

4. Khan, p. 159.

4. Siphoning the Surplus

1. Jannuzi and Peach, pp. 41-42, 81.

2. Ibid, pp. 42-43.

3. Edward J. Clay, "Institutional Change and Agricultural Wages in Bangladesh," paper presented at Agricultural Development Council Seminar on Technology and Factor Markets, Singapore, August 9-10,

5. The Inefficiency of Inequality

1. "Bangladesh: Rural Development in four thanas in Kushtia District," Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Technical Assistance Department, February, 1978.

2. Jannuzi and Peach, pp. 43-44.

3. Ibid., p. xxvii.

4. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 3.

5. Agricultural Employment in Bangladesh, Government of Bangladesh- UNDP/FAO Mission, April 1977. Cited in "Agricultural Unemployment in Bangladesh, Prospects for the Next Decade," USAID/DACCA cable A-57, September z7, 1977.

6. USAID/DACCA cable A-57, September 27, 1977.

7. Ibid.

8. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 88.

9. World Bank, Rural Development: Sector Policy Paper, February 1975.

10. "Land Reform and Related Matters," cable from American Embassy, Dacca to Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., December 1977.

11. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 32.

12. Ibid., pp. 24, 29-30, 87.

13. Ibid., p. 24.

14. Ibid., p. 22.

15. Ibid., p. 25.

16. Ibid., p. 7.

17. Ibid., p. 49.

18. James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Losing Skilled Workers by Thousands," New York Times, March 11, 1979.

6. What Is the Alternative?

1. Figures based on data in Jannuzi and Peach.

2. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 87.

3. Rounaq Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration, Dacca: Oxford University Press and New York: Columbia University Press, 1973, pp. 18-19.

4. "A. I. D. Development Strategy for Bangladesh," USAID Mission to Bangladesh, January 1978, submitted to strategy meeting in Washington, D.C., February 6-7, 1978, p. 9.

5. See Premen Addy and Ibne Azad, "Politics and Culture in Bengal," New Left Review, no. 79, May-June 1973.

6. Kevin Rafferty, "'Lucky' in Bangladesh," The Washington Post, September 3, 1978.

7. Jannuzi and Peach, p. 73.

7. Foreign Aid: A Helping Hand?

1. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 18.

2. Figures on distribution through the ration system are based on information in World Bank, Bangladesh: Food Policy Review, December 12, 1977.

3. "Aspects of the Public Food Distribution System," AID/Dacca memorandum, December 1, 1977.

4. Ibid.

5. Cable cited in Donald McHenry and Kai Bird, "Food Bungle in Bangladesh," Foreign Policy, Summer 1977.

6. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 35.

7. McHenry and Bird.

8. Calculated as follows: According to the 1978 World Bank report (p. 27), the Government of Bangladesh estimates the average daily foodgrain requirement at 15.5 ounces per capita; multiplied by the World Bank Bangladesh population estimate of 85 million, we get 3.66 million metric tons; adding 10 percent for seed, feed and wastage the figure comes to 15 million metric tons.

9. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. 2.

10. FAO, Production Yearbook, 1977, Rome, 1978.

11. "World Hunger, Health, and Refugee Problems: Summary of Special Study Mission to Asia and the Middle East," report prepared for the Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 1976, p. 104.

12. International Development Association Press Release No. 70/38, July 1, 1970.

13. Per Arne Stroberg, "Water and Development: Organizational Aspects of a Tubewell Irrigation Project in Bangladesh," mimed, Dacca, March 1977.

14. IDA Press Release No. 76/22, May 24, 1976.

15. World Bank Office Memorandum, Dacca, September 19, 1977, p. 5.

16. Ibid., p. 3.

17. "Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh for a Public Law 480 Food for Development (Title III) Program," Annex B. August 1978, p. 5.

18. World Bank, Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues, December 15, 1978, p. ii.

19. Michael Scott, Aid to Bangladesh: For Better or Worse?Oxfam-America/ Institute for Food and Development Policy Impact Series No. 1, 1979, p. 10.

20. "AID Today-A Suppliers' View," Commerce America, September 11, 1978.

21. Hollis B. Chenery, "Objectives and Criteria for Foreign Assistance," in G. Rains, ea., The United States and the Developing Economies, New York: 1964, p. 81.

22. On the prospects of foreign investment in natural gas, see: N. M. J., "Murder in Dacca: Ziaur Rahman's Second Round," Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay), March 25, 1978. On the Bangladesh government's efforts to attract foreign investment, see James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Wooing Businesses," The New York Times, April 9, 1979

23. United States Agency for International Development, FY 1978 Submission to the Congress: Asia Programs, February 1977, p. 16.

24. "The World According to Brzezinski," Interview by James Reston, The New York Times Magazine, December 31, 1978.

25. Amnesty International, Report of Amnesty International Mission to Bangladesh (4-12 April 1977), February 1978.

26. "Zia Party Set for Landslide in Polls," The Guardian (U. K. ), February 19, 1979. See also: "Turnout Is Not Heavy In Bangladesh Voting for Parliament of 300," The New York Times, February 19, 1979.

27. S. Kamaluddin,"Bangladesh: Electing for Time to Think," Far Eastern Economic Review, January 12, 1979.

28. James P. Sterba, "Bangladesh Voters Support President," New York Times, Feb. 20, 1979.

29. Kai Bird, "The Unknown Zia," The Nation (New York), June 13, 1981.

30. "Revolt in Chittagong Hill Tracts," Economic and Political Weekly, Bombay, April 29, 1978.

31. Brian Eads, "Thousands Trapped in Bangladesh Terror," The Observer London, August 20, 1978.

32. Simon Winchester, "Where Britain may be aiding an armed dictatorship," The Guardian (London), December 20, 1977.

33. U.S. State Department, Congressional Presentation, FY Z978, Security Assistance Program, Volume 1.

Family Planning Comes to Bangladesh

1. World Bank, Bangladesh: Development in a Rural Economy, Volume 1, September 15, 1974, p. 197.

2. Stephen F. Minkin, "Abroad, the U. S. Pushes Contraceptives Like Coca Cola," Los Angeles Times, September 23, 1979.

3. Ibid.