Traditional Medicinal Plants (Dar Es Salaam University Press - Ministry of Health - Tanzania, 1991, 391 p.): PART I: USE AND PROMOTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE AFRICAN REGION: A Survey of medicinal plants in Tabora region, Tanzania

Traditional Medicinal Plants (Dar Es Salaam University Press - Ministry of Health - Tanzania, 1991, 391 p.)

PART I: USE AND PROMOTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE AFRICAN REGION

		Registration and utilization of herbal remedies in some countries of Eastearn, Central and Southern Africa
		A report on the development of a traditional medicine for bronchial asthma
		Resume of current research in medicinal plants in Botswana
		The use of data from traditional medicine: Tunisian experience
		Chemical and pharmacological studies of marketed traditional drugs
		Research into medicinal plants: The Somali experience
		Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the essential oil yield and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flowers
		Chemical characterization of pharmacologically active compounds from Synadenium pereskiifolium
		Abietane diterpene quinones from lepechinia bullata
		Antimicrobial activity of Tanzanian traditional medicinal plants
		Identification of clovanediol: A rare sesquiterpene from the stem bark of canella winterana L. (Canellaceae), using spectrophotometric methods
		A comparative study of the traditional remedy ''Suma-kala'' and chloroquine as treatment for malaria in the rural areas
		Ethnobotany and conservation of medicinal plants
		Biotransformation of hydroxyanthraquinone glycosides in Cassia species
		Le m�dicament indig�ne Africaine: Sa standardisation et son �valuation dans le cadre de la politique des soins de sant� primaires
		Chemical Evaluation of Tanzanian medicinal plants for the active constituents as a basis for the medicinal usefulness of the plants
		Ethnobotany and the medicinal plants of the Korup rainforest project area, Cameroon
		Seaweeds in medicine and pharmacy: A global perspective
		Biotechnology and medicinal plants
		Phytochemical investigations of four medicinal plants of Malawi: What next?
		The chemistry and pharmacology of the essential oil from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L) Point
		Some CNS effects of Datura stramonium L (Solanaceae) in mice
		Discovery and development of drugs from natural sources
		A Survey of medicinal plants in Tabora region, Tanzania
		Int�r�t pharmacognosique des plantes de la flore m�dicinale Rwandaise: valeur chimiotherapeutique de quelques plantes Rwandaise
		A note on the utilization and commercialisation of traditional medicine
		Experience on the use of Tanzanian medicinal plants for the last decade (1979-1989)
		A comparison of the status of medicinal plants development in Africa with selected parts of the world
		Exp�rience du Burkina Faso en mati�re de pharmacope� traditionnelle
		The role and use of ethnomedical data in the research on traditional medicines and medicinal plants
		Traditional medicinal plants: Our cultural heritage
		The use of traditional medicinal plants: The cultural context

A Survey of medicinal plants in Tabora region, Tanzania

C.K. RUFFO

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute
Lushoto Silviculture Centre
P.O. Box 95, Lushoto, Tanzania

ABSTRACT

A Survey of medicinal plants was conducted in Tabora Region between December, 1970 and July, 1989. 27 traditional healers from 30 villages in 25 village wards (i.e. about 15% of the Region) were interviewed. Also plants in the field and at the Lushoto herbarium were indentified. A total of 127 plant species belonging to 45 families and 05 genera were identified as medicinal plants used for the treatment of some 66 different human diseases in the region. The family Leguminosae was found to be leading by having 33 different medicinal plant species from 20 genera followed by Euphorbiaceae which had 9 species from 7 genera. Antidotes for snake bites were leading with 32 plant species, followed by stomach-ache and coughs, which had 21 and 14 medicinal plant species, respectively.

Introduction

Traditional medicine in Tanzania, like in other developing countries where medical facilities cannot satisfy national demands, plays a big role in combating both human and animal diseases. It is estimated that about 80% of the people who live in rural areas rely on traditional healers for their treatment using medicinal herbs. However, these medicinal plants have not been well studied, tested or documented. Most of the information is still in the hands of traditional healers (FAO 1986). Due to the current threat brought by diseases like malaria, cancer, hypertension, AIDS and others, it is now high time we carried an international combined effort from both scientists and traditional healers to do some more research on medicinal plants which might give us some positive results. Some of the information which is now available about medicinal plants in Tanzania includes the work of Watt and Breyer -Brandwijk (1962), in a book on Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa; Medicinal Plants of East Africa by Kokwaro (1976); and that of Raimo Harjula (1988) who made some ethnomedicinal studies in Meru, Arusha. The Traditional Medicine Research Unit at the Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar es Salaam is responsible for this work and is currently undertaking some research on traditional medicine. The Tanzania Forestry Research Institute at Lushoto has been conducting some botanical surveys in Dodoma, Singida and East Usambara. Part of this information has been published by FAO (1986). (Some will won be published by Ruffo et al. This paper reports about a survey of medicinal plants which was done in Tabora Region, Tanzania.

Tabora Region has a total area of 7,615km², and receives an average annual rainfall of 700-800 mm (ICRAF 1988). The main tribe in the region is the Nyamwesi, who live mainly as peasant farmers. According to the 1988 Census, the population in the region was estimated at 1,036,293 people, with an average annual growth of 2.4%. The vegetation of Tabora region is mainly Miyombo or Brachystegia woodland dominated by Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia globiflora and pterocarpus angolensis (Polhill, 1968).

Methodology

A survey of medicinal plants in the Tabora Region of Western Tanzania floristic Region T4, was conducted by the now Tanzania Forestry Research Institute under the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism between December, 1970 and July, 1989 by interviewing 27 traditional healers from 30 villages in 25 village wards, covering about 15% of the Region. Figure 1 shows a map of Tabora region where medicinal plants were surveyed and Appendix 1 gives a list of villages and traditional healers who were interviewed during the survey. These medicinal plants were identified in the field, except for taxonomically difficult plants which had to be collected and pressed for further identification at Lushoto Herbarium. The data for each medicinal plant, including the name of a plant, disease treated, plant part used, method of preparation and dosage, was recorded (Appendix 2). These data were then summarised.

Results

A total of 127 plant species belonging to 45 families and 95 genera, were identified as medicinal plants used for the treatment of 66 different human diseases in the Tabora region. The family Leguminosae was found to be leading by having 33 different medicinal plant species from 20 genera, followed by the Euphorbiaceae, which had 9 species from 7 genera. For the body problems, snake bites were leading with 32 medicinal species, followed by stomach-ache and coughs, which had 21 and 14 medicinal plants, respectively (Table 1 & 2).

Conclusions and recommendations

From the above results obtained from Tabora Region, it can be concluded that Tanzania has a big potential on medicinal plants, especially after comparing with the total of 127 medicinal plants for 66 human diseases from 15% of Tabora region (i.e., 25 village wards out of 166 wards of the 1988 census) and when this is compared with 44.4 million ha. of Tanzania natural forests, containing some 10,000 species of higher plants which also carry a very high degree of species diversity and endemism in the world (Lovett 1988, Lundgren, 1975 and Polhill, 1968).

It was also noted that some of these medicinal plants such as Annona senegalensis, Flacourtia indica and Friesodielsia abovata had multipurpose uses, including edible fruits and fuelwood.

It is therefore recommended that:

(a) Further studies be carried out in other areas of Tabora as well as in other regions of Tanzania to establish a sound basis for further research on medicinal plants.
(b) These medicinal plants be collected, screened and tested for their active principles on the diseases for which they are used.
(c) Medicinal plants which prove to be really curative be developed and incorporated with modern medicinal practice.
(d) Silvicultural studies be carried out on medicinal plants in order to facilitate their establishment in villages and botanical gardens.
(e) Traditional healers be encouraged to incorporate their knowledge of medicinal plants with modern medicinal practice.
(f) Medicinal plants of Tanzania be documented in a journal, such as, Journal of Tanzania Traditional Medicine, etc.
(g) An international cooperation for exchange of knowledge and seed samples of medicinal plants be established.

Fig. 1. Map of Tabora Region showing areas where medicinal plants were surveyed

Acknowledgement

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Kitambi, the Acting Director-General, TAFORI, for allowing me to attend this seminar and present this paper, and to Dr. S. M. Maliondo and Mr. Msangi, all of the Silviculture Research Centre, for their kind help in reading the manuscript.

References

FAO (1986): Some medicinal forest plants of Africa and Latin America, FAO Forestry Paper, 67.

Harjula, R. (1980). Mirau and his Practice. Trimed Books Limited, London, 223 pp.

ICRAF (1988). Rapport Afrena Report: A Blueprint for Agroforestry in the Unimodar Upland Plateau of Tanzania, No. 6 ICRAF, Nairobi. 80 pp..

Kokwaro, J.O. (1976): Medicinal Plants of East Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. 384 pp.

Lovett, J.C.(1988): Endemism and affinities of the Tanzania Montane Flora Monogr, Syst. Bot. Gard.

Lundgren, B.(l975): Land use of Kenya and Tanzania, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm. 354 pp.

Polhill, R.M.(1968): Conservation in Africa South of the Sahara Almqvist & Wiksells Boktykeri, AB, Uppsala, Sweden. 326 pp.

Ruffo et al. (In press): "In the Forests of East Usambara: their Resources and their Conservation." IUCN Forest Division, Nairobi.

Tanzania Government (1988): Population Census. Preliminary Report, Dar es Salaam-201 pp.

Watt, J.M. and Brayer - Brandwijk, M.G. (1962). The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. S. Livingstone Ltd, London. 1455 pp.

Table 1: Alphabetical list of medicinal plants from Tabora region with their vernacular (Nyamwezi) names, part(s) used and diseases treated

Botanical name	Vernacular name	Part used	Diseases treated
Anacardiaceae
Lannea schimperi	Mugumbu	Bark & root	Mental disorders and snake bites
Ozoroa reticulata	Mukalakala	Bark	Body swellings, coughs, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, malaria, epilepsy, prolapse of rectum and stomachache
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis	Mutopetope Mufila Mukonola	Roots	Snake bites and Stomachache
Friesodielsia obovata.	Musalasi	Roots	Anaemia, infertility snake bites
Apocynaceae
Condylocarpon diplorhynchus Holarrhena pubescens	Musonga Musongati Musongalukuga	Bark & leaves Roots	Galactogogue, wounds and sores Gonorrhoea, bilharzia and stomachache
Strophanthus eminii	Musungululu Muvelevele	Bark & roots	Asthma, syphilis, Constipation, measles small pox, scabies, epilepsy, spleen and heart diseases
Araceae
Pistia stratiotes	Ileve, Maleve	Roots	Fire burns
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropis procera	Mpumbula	Roots	Boils, hydrocele, stomach and tooth ache
Gymnema sylvestre	Luhaga	Roots	Aphrodisiac
Aristolachiaceae
Aristolachia -	Kilikamo	Roots	Convulsions, petersiana poisoning, stomachache, snake bites
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana	Mudungwa, Mulegeya, Mwicha, Msanhwa	Bark, roots	Convulsions
Boraginaceae
Trichodesma zeylanicum	Igungulu	Roots	Coughs, poisoning and stomachache
Burseraceae
Commiphora africana	Musagasi, Mupondamu, Mutonto	Bark	Snake bites and traucoma
Capparidaceae
Boscia salicifolia	Muguluka	Bark, Roots	Headache, rheumatism, scabies and toothache
Gynandropsis gynandra	Mugagani	Leaves	Colds, coughs, earache and eye-diseases
Celastraceae
Maytenus-galensis	Mwezya	Roots	Snake bites, infertility and stomachache
Combretaceae
Combretum cillinum	Mulandala	Roots leaves	Snake bites
C. fragrans	Muluzyaminzi	Roots, leaves	Malaria, wounds and traucoma
C. longispicatum	Vugoveko	Roots	Malaria and snakebites
C. molle	Mulama	Leaves	Earache and wounds
C. obovatum	Vugoveko	Roots	Gonorrhoea
C. zeyheri	Musana	Roots, leaves	Coughs, diarrhoea, rectal prolapse, Snake bites and stomachache
Terminalia mollis T. sericea	Mudisi, Mukelenge Mupululu, Muzima	Bark, roots Leaves	Bilharzia Coughs, measles, rectal prolapse, and stomachache
Compositae
Bidens pilosa	Ndasa	Leaves	Wounds and relapsing fevers in children
Vernonia glabra	Kilulankunja, Mukalinkali	Roots	Malaria, gonorrhoea, syphilis and measles
Cyperaceae
Cyperus articulatus	Vulago, Vuseli	Roots	Intestinal worms
Ebenaceae
Diosypros fischeri	Mufuvata	Roots, leaves	Snake bites
Euphorbiaceae
Antidesma venosum	Musekela	Roots, leaves	Snake bites and poisoning
Bridelia duvigneaudi	Muvuzivuzi	Roots	Intestinal worms
Euphorbia candelabrum	Mulangali	Twigs	Constipation
E. grantii	Mudulansongo	Roots	Constipation, epilepsy and snake bites
E. hirta	Vakikulu	Leaves	Menstrual disorders, ringworm and snake bites
Jatropha curcas	Inyanga	Seed	Intestinal worms
Hymenocardia acida	Mupala	Leaves	Coughs, rectal prolapse and stomachache
Oldfieldia dactylophylla	Muliwanfwengi	Roots	Aphrodisiac, gonorrhoea and hernia
Phyllanthus engleri	Mugogondi, Mung'ong'o Ntandala	Roots leaves	Coughs and bilharzia
P. reticulatus	Muvinzandimi	Roots, leaves	Snake bites
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtia indica	Mupugusura, Musingila Musungu	Roots	Coughs, snake bites, Infertility and stomachache
Graminae
Pennisetum purpureum	Ibingobingo, Isumbu, Vupemba	Stem Stem	Measles Infertility
Labiatae
Ocimum suave	Ilumbasya, Ilumba	Twigs	Colds, fever, Dementia
Leguminosae
Abrus precatorius	Muchichi, Mshiti	Roots	Aphrodisiac, scabies, smallpox, anaemia, eye and spleen diseases
A. schimperi	Vugagati	Roots	Hypertension and postpartum stomach pains
Acacia drepanolobium	Vuvula	Roots	Abscess and bilharzia
A. hockii	Munyenyela	Roots	Abscess
A. mellifera	Mugongwa, Ilugala	Roots	Impotence
A. nilotica	Mugulunga, Mudubilo	Roots	Anaemia, asthma
A. senegal	Katita, Mgwata	Roots	Abscess
Albizia harveyi	Mupogolo	Leaves	Chest pains, wounds and stomachache
A. petersiana	Musisigulu	Roots	Hernia, and lung
Brachystegia spiciformis	Mutundu	Bark	Coughs and snake bite
Burkea africana	Muganda, Mukalati	Bark	Headache
Cajanus cajan	Mubalazi, Mutengwa.	Roots	Aphrodisiac
Cassia abbreviata	Mumulimuli,	Roots	Hernia, intestinal worms, gonorrhoea, syphilis
	Mulundalunda,		Snake bites, stomachache, bilharzia, sores, malaria,
	Muzoka		postpartum stomach pains and poisoning
C. obtusifolia	Muzegezega	Roots	Hernia, yellow fever, dementia and convulsions
C. singueana	Mudimwambuli, Musambisambi	Roots Leaves	Convulsions, coughs, intestinal worms, malaria, epilepsy and yellow fever
Dalbergia melanoxylon	Mugombe	Roots, Leaves	Convulsions, menstrual disorders, snake bites, traucoma and toothache
D. nitida	Kafinulambasa	Roots	Toothache
Dichrostachys cinerea	Mutunduli	Leaves	Boils, coughs, wounds, galactogogue, snake bites, menstrual disorders and stomachache
Entanda abyssinica	Mufutwambula	Roots	Gonorrhoea, anaemia and hypertension
Isoberlinia angolensis	Muva	Bark	Coughs, wounds and snake bites
Lonchocarpus capassa	Muvule	Roots, leaves	Snake bites
L. bussei	Muvule	Roots	Allergy
Oormocarpum trachycarpum	Mukondwapuli Muvulwambuli	Leaves	Snake bites and pneumonia
Pericopsis angolensis	Muvunga	Leaves	Coughs, fire burns, sores and snake bites
Piliostigma thonningii	Mutindambogo	Bark	Snake bites
Pterocarpus angolensis	Muninga	Bark	Diarrhoea and wounds
P. tinctorius	Mukulungu	Bark	Eye problems
Swartzia madagascariensis	Kasanda	Roots	Malaria and yellow fever
Tamarindus indica	Musisi	Leaves	Malaria, wounds, mental disorders and stomachache
Xeroderris stuhlmannii	Munyenye, Mjungu	Bark	Mastitis and backache
Liliaceae
Aloe sp.	Itembwe, Lugaka	Leaves	Aphrodisiac, heart pains, impotence, spleen and kidney diseases
Asparagus falcatus	Kasolanhanga, Sawi	Roots	Aphrodisiac, hernia and gonorrhoea
Loganiaceae
Strychnos innovia	Mukulwa, Mumundu	Roots	Aphrodisiac
S. potatorum	Mugwegwe, Mupandepande	Roots, Leaves	Coughs, malaria and gonorrhoea
S. spinosa	Mwage	Roots	Intestinal worms, gonorrhoea and syphilis
Meliaceae
Ekabergia benguelensis	Mutuzya	Roots	Mental disorders
Turraea sp.	Mulingiwe	Roots	Convulsions
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos pareira	Mukuluwanti	Roots	Snake bites, poisoning and stomachache
Moraceae
Ficus natalensis	Mulumba	Bark, twigs	Whooping cough
F. sycomorus	Mukuyu	Bark, twigs	Diarrhoea
Musaceae
Musa sapientum	Idoke	Flowers	Asthma
Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava	Mupera	Leaves	Diarrhoea, malaria and wounds
Ochnaceae
Ochna schweinfurthii	Kavulwampako Kawantundwe Kupande	Roots	Poisoning and snake bites
Olacaceae
Ximenia americana	Munembwa, Mutandwa	Roots	Anaemia, hernia, intestinal worms mental disorders
X. caffra	Munembwa, Mutandwa	Roots	Anaemia, hernia, intestinal worms and mental disorders
Oleaceae
Schrebera trichoclada	Muputika	Bark, leaves	Coughs, snake bites, traucoma, stomachache and eye diseases
Orchidacene
Anselia africana	Inyazya	Stems	Rheumatism, snake bites and body swelling
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum angolense	Mulenda-gwawima Ilendi-lya-wima	Roots leaves	Measles and poisoning
Polygalaceae
Longipenduculata securidaca	Muteyu	Roots	Constipation, hernia, infertility, toothache and stomachache
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus mucronata	Kagovole, Lugugunu	Roots	Snake bites and stomachache
Rubiaceae
Catunaregan spinosa ssp. taylorii.	Mochangoko, Mupongolo	Roots	Cunvulsions, hernia, hypertension and intestinal worms
Fadogia cienkowskii	Kambolambola	Roots	Infertility
Crossopterix febrifuga	Musaswambeke	Bark	Diarrhoea and convulsions
Gardenia ternifolia ssp. jovi stonantis	Kilindila Mugunda	Roots	Coughs, snake bites
Hymenodutylon parvifolium	Muginya, Mujunguluji Mpepesavakia Muvinzwansanzu	Roots	Intestinal worms, snake bites and menstrual disorders
Multidentia evassa varapula	Mukukumba, Muyogayo	Roots	Earache
Rothmania engleriana	Mkondokondo Mutwinya	Roots	Snake bites and stomachache
Rutaceae
Citrus aurantifolia	Mudimu	Leaves	Asthma
Verpis glomerata	Mulungusigiti	Roots	Body swelling, constipation and infertility
Zathoxylum chalybeum	Mudali, Mulungulungu	Roots	Malaria and body swellings
Sapindaceae
Zanha africana	Mukalya	Roots	Colds, convulsions stomachache
Sapotaceae
Chysophyllum bangweolense	Museveye	Roots	Diarrhoea
Manilkara mochisia	Mukonze	Bark	Mastitis
Solanaceae
Physalis peruviana	Sinkini	Roots	Intestinal worms
Solanum gilo	Mutole	Roots	Hernia
S. incarnum	Mudulanu, Mutulantu	Roots	Constipation, hernia, wounds, tonsillitis and intestinal worms
Sterculiaceae
Sterculia africana	Muhozya, Muhoja	Bark	Snake bites and mental disorders
Waltheria indica	Ikumbo-lyaza, ikandagizi	Roots	Coughs, poisoning and snake bites
Filiaceae
Grewia bicolor	Mukoma	Roots	Anaemia and fertility
Umbelliferae
Steganotaenia araliaceae	Munyongampembe Mbyotolo	Roots Leaves	Snake bites
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum capitatum	Kapolo	Roots	Constipation in children
C. myricoides	Mnindi, Mpugambu	Leaves	Dementia
Premna senensis	Mununhwanhala	Roots	Aphrodisiac
Vitex mombassae	Mutalali, Masumgwi	Roots	Diabetes
Vitaceae
Cissus carnifolia	Mutandamwaka	Roots	Hernia and bilharzia
C. quadrangularis	Vula-wo-nsuwi	Roots	Rectal prolapse
Cissus sp.	Lonzwe	Roots	Hernia and hypertension

Table 2: A list of diseases and their respective medicinal plants from Tabora region.

Disease	Medicinal Plant
Abscess	Acacia drepanolobium, A. hockii, A. sieberiana
Acute coughs Aphrodisiac	Pericopsis angolensis, Schrebera trichoclada Aloe sp., Asparagus falcatus, Abrus precatorius, Cajanus cajan, Gymnema sylvestre, Indigofera rhinchocarpa, Oldifieldia dactylophylla, Premna senensis, Strychnos innocua
Allergy	Lonchocarpus bussei, Vepris glomerata
Anaemia	Abrus precatorius, Acacia nilotica, Entada abyssinica, Friesodielsia obovata, Grewia bicolor, Ximenia americana, X. caffra
Ankylostomiasis	Bridelia duvigneaudii, Cassia singueana, Physalis peruviana, Ximenia americana, X. caffra
Asthma	Acacia nilotica. Citrus aurantifolia, Musa sapientum, Strophanthus eminii
Backache	Xeroderris stuhlmanii
Body swellings	Anselia africana, Ozoroa reticulata, Vepris glomerata, Zanthoxylum chalybeum
Boils	Calotropis procera, Dichrostachys cinerea
Chest pain	Albizia harveyi
Colds	Gardenia ternifolia ssp. jovis-tonantis, Gynandropsis gynandra, Ocimum suave, Zanha africana
Constipation	Clerodendrum capitatum, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia candelabrum, E. grantii, Securidaca longependunculata, Solanum incanum, Strophanthus eminii, Vepris glomerata
Convulsions	Aristolochia petersiana, Caturanegam spinosa, Cassia obtusifolia, C. singueana, Crossopterix febrifuga, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Gardenia ternifolia ssp. jovis-tonantis, Kigelia africana.
Coughs	Brachystegia spiciformis, Cassia singueana, Combretum zeyheri, Flacourtia indica, Gynandropsis gynandra, Hymenocardia acida, Dichrostachys cinerea, Julbernardia globiflora, Ozoroa reticulata, Phyllanthus englerii, Schrebera trichoclada, Strychnos potatorum, Terminalia sericea, Waltheria indica.
Dementia	Cassia obtusifolia, Clerodendrum myricoides, Ocimum suave.
Diabetes	Vintex mombassae
Diarrhoea	Combretum zeyheri, Chrysophyllum bangweolense, Crossopterix febrifuga, Ficus sycomorus, Ozoroa reticulata, Psidium guajava.
Earache	Cannabis saliva, Combretum molle, Gynandropsis gynandra, Multidentia crassa.
Epilepsy	Cassia singueana, Euphorbia granii, Ozoroa reticulata, Strophanthus eminii.
Eye disease	Abrus precatorius, Gynandropsis gynandra, Pterocarpus angolensis, P. tinctorius, Schrebera trichoclada.
Fire burns	Pistia stratiotes, Pericopsia angolensis
Fever	Ocimum suave.
Gonorrhoea	Asparagus falcatus, Cassia abbreviata, Combretum obovatum, Holarrhena febrifuga, Entada abyssinica, Oldifieldia dactylophylla, Ozoroa reticulata, Strychnos potatorum, Vernonia glabra.
Headache	Boscia salicifolia, Burkea africana
Head sores	Cassia abbreviata
Heart pain	Aloe sp, Strophanthus eminii
Hernia	Albizia petersiana, Cassia abbreviata, C. obtusifolia, Asparagus falcatus, Caturanegam spinosa ssp. taylorii, Cissua cornifolia, C. sp., Oldifieldia dactylophylla, Securidaca longepedunculata, Solanum incanum, S. gilo, Ximenia americana, X. caffra.

Hydrocele	Albizia petersiana, Cassia abbreviata, Lotropis procera.
Hypertension	Alrus schimperi ssp. africanus, Caturanegam spinosa up. taylorii, Cissus sp., Entada abyssinica
Impotence	Acacia mellifera, A. Senegal, Aloe sp., Indigofera rhinchocarpa.
Infertility	Grewia bicolor, Securidaca longependunculata, Sorghum vulgare.
Intestinal worms	Aloe sp., Acacia nilotica, Caturanegam spinosa ssp. taylorii, Cassia abbreviata, Cyprus articulatus, Ficus natalensis, Jatropha curcas, Solanum incanum.
"Kalimi" (Tonsillitis)	Acacia nilotica, Ficus natalensia, Trichodesma zeylanicum, Solanum incanum.
Kidney disease	Aloe sp.
Lactation problem	Dichrostachys cinerea, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon
Leprosy	Terminalia stuhlmannii
Lung disease	Albizia petersiana
Madness	Ekebergia benguellensis, Isoberlinia angolensis, Lannea schemperi, Sterculia africana, Tamarindus indica, Ximenia americana, X. caffra.
Malaria	Cassia abbreviata, C. singueana, Combretum fragrans, C. longispicatum, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Ozoroa reticulata, Psidium guajava, Strychnos potatorum, Swartzia madagascariensis, Vernonia glabra, Zanthoxylum chalybeum.
Mastitis	Manilkara mochisia, Xiroderris stuhlmannii
Measles	Pennisetum purpureum, Sesamum angolensis, Strophanthus eminii, Terminalia sericea, Vemonia glabra.
Menstrual problems	Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dichrostachys cinerea, Euphorbia hirta, Fadogia cienkowskii, Hymenocardia acida.
Pneumonia	Ormocarpum trachycarpum
Periodic fevers	Bidens pilosa
Poisoning	Aristolochia petersiana, Antidesma venosum, Cassia abbreviata, Cissampelos pereira, Ochna schweinfurthii, Sesamum angolense, Trichodesma zeylanicum, Waltheria indica.
Post-partum stomach pains	Abrua schimperi, Cassia abbreviata.
Prolapse of rectum	Cissus quardrangularis, Combretum zeyheri, Ozoroa reticulata, Terminalia sericea.
Restlessness	Ekebergia benguellensis, Isoberlinia angolensia
Rheumatism	Anselia africana, Boscia salicifolia, Vepris glomerata, Zanthoxylum chalybeum.
Ringworm	Euphorbia hirta
Scabies	Abrus precatorius, Boscia salicifolia, Strophanthus eminii, Terminalia sericea.
Schistosomiasis	Acacia drepanolobum, Cassia abbreviata, Cissus connifolia, Holarrhena pubescens, Phyllanthus engleri, Terminalia mollis.
Small pox	Abrus precatorius, Strophanthis eminii.
Snake bites	Annona senegalensis, Anselia africana, Aristolochia petersiana, Antidesma venosum, Brachystegia spiciformis, Cassia abbreviata, Cissampelos pereira, Cissus cornifolia, Combretum collinum, C. longispicatum, C. zeyheri, Commiphora africana, Diospyros fischeri, Euphorbia grantii, E. hirta, Friesodielsia obovata. Gardenia ternifolia ssp. jovis-tonantis, Hymenodictyon parvifolium, Julbernardia globiflora, Lannea schimperi, Lonchocarpus capassa, Ochna schweinfurthii, Pericopsis angolensis, Piliostigna thonningii, Maytenus senegalensis, Ormocarpum trachycarpum, Rothmannia engleriana, Steganotaenia araliaceae, Securidaca longepedunculata, Schrebera trichoclada, Strophanthus eminii, Sterculia africana, Strychnos popatorum, Waltheria indica.
Sores	Diplorhynchus condylocarpa, Pericopsis angolensis
Spleen disease	Abrus precatorius, Aloe sp., Strophanthus eminii.
Sterility	Fadogia ceinkowskii, Flacourtia indica, Friesodielsia obovata, Maytenus senegalensis, Sorghum vulgare, Vepris glomerata.
Stomachache	Annona senegalensis, Aristolochia petersiana, Calotropis procera, Albizia harveyi, Combretum zeyheri, Cissampelos pereira, Crossopterix febrifuga, Dichrostachys cinerea, Flacourtia indica, Hymenodictylon parvifolium, Maytenus senegalensis, Ozoroa reticulata, Rothomannia engleriana, Securidaca Longepedunculata, Schrebera trichoclada, Strychnos potatorum, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia serica, Trichodesma zeylanicum, Zanka africana, Ziziphus mucronata.
Syphilis	Asparagus falcatus, Cassia abbreviata, Strophanthus eminii, Strychnos spinosa, Vernonia glabra.
Tonsillitis	Sesamum angolense, Schrebera trichoclada, Solanum incanum.
Toothache	Boscia salicifolia, Calotropia procera, Dalbergia melanoxylon, D. nitidula, Securidaca longepedunculata.
Trachoma	Commiphora africana, Combretum fragrans, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Schrebera trichoclada.
Whooping cough	Ficus natalensis
Wounds	Albizia harveyi, Bidens pilosa, Combretum fragrans, C. molle, Diplorrhynchus condylocarpon, Dichrostachys cinerea, Julbernardia globiflora, Pericopsis angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Psidium guajava, Solanum incanum, Tamarindus indica.
Yellow fever	Cassia obtusifolia, C. singusana, Swartzia madagascariensis.