Bibliography

Abeille, Bernard, and Marie Marie Lantran 1993 Infrastructure Construction Construction
in Sahel Oplions for Improving Current Practices World Bank Discussion Paper No. 200. World Bank Washington, D C

Acsadi George T. F., and Gwendolyn Johnson-Acsadi 1990 "Effects of Timing of Marriage on Reproductive Health In Acsadi,Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990 pp. 10 -111. 1990b. Demand for Children and for Childspacing" In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi Bulatao l990,pp. 155 -185. and Rodolfo Bulatao (eds) ).1990. Populaton Growth and Reproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa- Technical Analyses of Fertility and its Consequences. A World Bank Symposium. World Bank Washington, D.C

Adarkwa, Kazi-1989. "Final Reportona Pilot Project to Using Low Cost Roads and Non Motorized Transport Republic of Ghana, Ministry of Roads and Highways, Accra, Ghana

Adekanya,Tomilayo 0.1985. Innovation and Rural Women in Nigena Cassava Procesing and Food Productin Atoned 1985, pp 252-283.

Advocates for African Food Security/Lessening the Burden for Women 1987. Case Studies from Africa Towards Food Security UN Non Gouvernmental Liasion Service New York:

African Development Bank and Economic Commision for Africa 1988 Economic 1 on Africa 1988. Abidjan and Addis Ababa

Agarwal, Bina 1986. Cold Hearts and Barren Slopes The Woodfuel Crisis in the Thrid World Studies in Econamic. Development and Planning No. 40, Institute of Economic Growth Allied Publishers, New Delhi, India

Agyepnog G.T., J. E. Fleisher,R D. Asiamah,H K Quartey-Papafio,NanaAddo Dankwa, and J. A Allotey 1988 Report of Land Management Group on Preparation of Environmental Action Plan. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Council, Accra, Ghana

Ahlberg Beth Maina l991 Women Sexuality and the Changing Social Order: The Impact of Government Policies on Reproductive Behavior in Kenya Gardon and Breach,Philadelphia

Ahrnad, Yusuf J., Sahh El Serafy, Ernst Lutz (eds.). 1989. Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development Selected Papers From Joint UNEP/WORLD Bank Workshops. World Bank Washington, D.C

Ahrned, If Iftimer (ed.) 1985. Technology and Rural women: Conceptual and Empirical Issues (Study prepared for the International labour Office within the Framework of the World George Allen and Unwind, London

Asinworth, Martha 1989 Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility in Cote d'Ioire Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 53. World Bank Washington, D.C., and Mead Over 1992. The Econornic Impact of AlDS: Responses and Oucomes. Technical Working Paper No 1, Population, Health and Nutrition Division, Africa Technical Department World Bank Washington, D C

Akuffo Felix Odei 1987. Teenage Pregnancies and School Drop outs The Relevelamce of Family Life Education and Vocational Training to Grils' Employment Opportunities in Oppong 1987, pp 154-164

Alebikiya, Malex 1993 "The of of Church Projects (Projects) in Northern Ghana In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 195-201.

Aloo, Theresa. 1985. Forestry and the Untrained Kenyan Women In Women and the Environmental Crisis. Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women, Environment and Development, Nairobi, 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi; pp. 26-28.

Amankwah H A. 1989. The Legal Regions of land Use in West Africa' Ghama and Nigeria Pacific Law Press, Hobart, Tasmania' Australia.

Am, David W. 1959. "Wolof Co-operative Work Groups." In Bascom and Herskovits 1959, pp. 224-237.

Anderson Dennis 1987. The Economics of Afforestation:: A Case Study us Africa. World Bank Papers, New Series, No 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md, and Robert Fishwick 1984 Fuelwood Consumption and Deforestation in Developing Countries. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 704 World Bank Washington, D.C

Anderson, Jock R. and Jesuthason Thampapillai. 1990 Soil Conservation m developing Countries: Project and Policy Intervenion Policy and Research Series No. 8 World Bank Washington D.C

Andrene, Muscat 0. 1991. Biornass Burning in the Tropics. impact on Environmental Quality and Global Climate In Davis and Bernstam 1991, pp. 268-291., and Johann Georg Goldammer. 1992 "Topical Wild Iand Fires and Other Biomass and Irnplications for Land Use and Fire Management In Cleaver et al. 1992, pp. 79-100

Anker, Richard Mayra Buvinic and Nadia H. Youssef (ads). 1982 Women's Roles and Population Trends in the Third World. International Labour Office. Croon Helm, London and Sidney.

Appleton Simon, Paul Collier, and Paul Horsnell 1990. Gender Education and Emloyment in Cd'Ivoire. Social [Dimensions of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan africa Working Paper No. 8. World Bank, Washington, D.C Elizbeth 1986. The Rural Energy Crisis in Ghana: Its Implications for Women's Work and household World Employment Programme Research Working Paper (Wep 10/WP. 39). International Labour Office, Geneva Switzerland

Armitage, Jane, and Gunter Schramm 1989 Managing the Supply of and Demand for Fuelwood in Africa In Schuamm and Warford 1989, pp. 131-171.

Arnold, Fred. 1989. Revised Estimates and Projections of International Migration 1980-2000. PER Working Paper WPS 275. World Bank Washington, D C

Arrhenius Erik A, and Thomas W. Waltz 1990. The Greenhouse Effect Implications for Economic Development " World Bank Discussion Paper No. 78. World Bank Washington, D.C

Arum Gilbert 1993. Kenya Energy and Environment Organization (1981-90)" In Wellard and Copestalce 1993, pp 145-158.

Ascher, William, and Robert Healy. 1990. Natural Source Policymaking in FDewveloping Countries Environmenment Economic Growth and Income Distribution Duke University Press, Durham and London

Babalola, S.O., and Carolyne Dennis. 1988. "Returns to Women's Labour in Cash Crop Production: Tobacco in Igboho, Os State Nigeria" In Davison 1588 ,pp. 79-89

Bailey, Robert C, Serge Bahuchet, and Barry Hewlett. 1952. Development in Central African Rainforest Concern for Forest Peoples. In Cleaver et al 1992, pp. 202-211

Balassa, Bela 1988. Incentive Policies and Agricultural Perfarrnancier Sub-Saharan Africa. PPR Working Paper WPS 77 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Balcet, lean Claude, and Wilfred Candler. 1982 Farm Technology Adoption in Northem Final Report of the World Bank Research Project RPO 671-88. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bamba, Nonny 1985. Ivory Coast. Living with Diminishing Forests." In Women and the Environmental Crisis, Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women, Environment and Development, Nairobi, 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi pp 23-25.

Edward B. 1988. New Approaches in Environmental and Resource Economics Towards an Economics of Sustainable Development. International Institute for Environment and Development London/Washington/Buenos Aires, and New Economics Foundation, London. 1989. Economics, Natural-Resource Scarcity and Development: London. and Joanne C Burgess. 1992 Agricultural Pricers and Environmental Degradation Policy Research Working Paper WP5 960 (Background Paper for World Development Report 1992). World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bargouti Shawki, and Guy LeMorgne 1990. Irrigation in Sub- Saharan Africa: The Development of Public and Private Systems. World Bank Technical Paper No. 123. World Bank Washington, D.C

Barghouti Shawki, Lisa Garbus, and Dina Umal; (eds). 1992 Trends in Agricultural Difersification Perspectives World Bank Technical Pa' No. 180 World Bank Washington, D.C

Barnes, Douglas F. 1990a Poputotion Growth' Wood Fuels, and Resource Problems in SubSaharan Africa Industry ]and Energy Department Working Paper Energy Series' Paper No. 26. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Barnes, Douglas F.1990b. "Population Growth, Wood Fuels, and Resource Problems." In Aciadi, JohnsonAcsadi, Bulatao 1990, pp -59., and Josh Olivares 1988 Sustainable Resource Management in Agriculture and Rural DeveIoprnent Projects: A Review of World Bank Policies Procedures, and Results. Environrnent Departrnent Working Paper No. 5 World Bank, Washington, D C

Barrier Christian 1990 "Development Rural en Afrique de l'Ouest Sudan Sahelienne Premier BiIan sur l'Approche Gestion de Terroir Villageois." Caisse Centale de Cooperation Econonuque, Pans.

Barth, Ursula. 1986.Transportbedarf und Arbeitsaufwand von Frauen in der Sub sistenzlandwirtshaft afrikanischer lander sudlich der Sahara" Berliner Sornmerseminar Verkehrsplanung; in Entwicklungslandem, Institut fur Verkebrsplan und Verkeh~swregebam Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Barth, Ursula. 1989. Rural Transport in Sub-Saharan Ahica Problems of Perceving Women's Transport Tasks. GATE - German Appropriatde Technology Exchange No. 1/89, May 1989, Deutsches Zentrun Eschborn, Germany; pp. 23 27

Barwell, Ian J. Geoff A. Edmonds, John D G. F. Howe and Jan de Yeen 1985. Rural Transport in Developing Countries. A Study Prepared for the International Labour Offine within the Framework of the World Ernployment Programme Intermediate Technology Publications, London

Barwell Ian J. John D. G. F. Howe and Paul Zille 1987 Household Time Use and Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of LT Transport Research" (Draft). LT. Transport Ltd, Ardington, Oxon, UP

U.K R. and Melville J. Herskavits (eds.). 1959. Continuity and Change in African Cultures University of Chicago Fress, Chicago.

Bass, Thomas A 1990 Camping wiyh the Prince and Other TaIes of Science in Africa. Houghton Mifflin, Boston

Bates Robin W. 1991. Energy Conservation Points, Energy Markets and the Environment in Developing Countries. Environrnent Working Paper No. 45, Environment Department World Bank, Washington, D.C:

Baser, Dare 1987. "The Dynamic of Communal and Hereditary Land Tenure Among the Tigray of Ethiopia." In McCay and Acheson 1987, pp. 217-230.

Bay, Edna G. (ed.). 1982 Women and Work in Africa. Westview Press, Colorado.

Becker, Charles and Andrew R Morrison 1988. "The Determinates of Urban Population Growth in Sub Saharan Africa" Economic Development and Cultural Charge
Been hacker, Henri L, with S. Carapetis, L. Crowther and S. HerteL 1987. Rural Transport Services A Guide to Their Planning and Implementation Intermediate Technology Publication London, and Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado

Behnke, Roy H., and lan Scoones. 1992. Rethinking Range Management in Africa. Environment Working Paper No. 53, Environrnent Department World Bank Washington, D.C.

Bell, Clive. 1990. "Reforming Property Rights in Land and Tenancy. The World Bank Research Observer5(2):143 -166.

Bellew, Rosemary T., and Elizabeth M. King. 1991. Promoting Girls ,and Women's Education. Lessons from the Past. PRE Working Paper WPS 715. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bellew, Rosemary T., and Elizabeth M. King. 1993 "Educating Women: Lessons from Experience." In King and Hill 1993, pp. 285325.

Berg, Alan, and Susan Breams. 1989. A Case for Promoting Breast feeding in Projects to Limit Fertility. World Bank Technical Paper No. 102 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bernal, Victoria. 1988. "Losing Ground—Women and Agriculture on Sudan's Irrigated Schemes: Lessons from a Blue Nile Village " In Davison l988c, pp. 131-156.

Bernard, F. E 1993. "Increasing Variability in Agricultural Production: Meru District, Kenya, in the Twentieth Century." In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp. 80 113.

Bernhard, Michael H. 1992 Strategic Management of Population Programs. Policy Research Working Paper WPS 996, Population end Human Resources Department. World Bank Washington, D.C

Berry, Sara 1986. Social Science Perspective on Food in Africa" In Hansen and McMillan 1986, pp. 64-81.

Bertrand, Alain, Gerard Madon and Michel Matly. 1990 "Republique du Niers Propositions de Reforme du Dispositif de Controle Forestier et de Taxation du Bois Energie' Rapport Technique No. 2 G;roupement SEED CTFT, Pans.

Bertrand,Jane T., and Judith E: Brown 1992 Family Planning Success in Two Cities] in Zaire Policy Research Working Paper WP5 1042, Population and Human Resources Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Besley, Timothy and Rave Kanbur. 1990. The Principles of Targeting PRE Working Paper WPS 385. World Bank, Washingon, D.C

Besong, Joseph Bawak, and Francois L Wencelius 1992 "Realist/c Strategies for Conservation of Biodiversity in the Tropical Moist Forests of Africa: Regional Overview." In Cleaver et al 1992, pp. 21-31

Bhandari, Anil, C Harral, E Holland and A Fain 1987. "Technical Options for Road Maintenance in Developing Countries and the Economics Consequences." In National Research Council,Transportation Research " Road Deterioration in Developing and Low volume Road Engineering Transportation Research Record 1128. National Research Council, Washington,,D.C; pp. 18-27.

Bidol, Patricia, and James E Crowfoot 1991. '´Toward an Interactive Process for Siting National Parks in Developing Nations. In West and Brechin 1991, pp. 283 300.

Bie, Stein W. 1990. Drylard Degradation Meaasurement Techniques Environment Working Paper No 26, Environment Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Bilsborrow, Rchardd E, and Pamela F. DeLarge. 1991. "Land Use, Migration, and Natural Resource Deterioration: The Experience of Guatemala and the Sudan" In Davis and Bernstam 1991, pp. 125-147.

Sinswanger,Hans P., and Prabhu LPingali 1984. 'The Evolution of Farming Systems and AgricuItural Technology in Sub Saharan Africa " Discussion Paper ARU 23, Agriculture and Rural Development Department World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Sinswanger,Hans P., and Prabhu LPingali 1987 "Resources Endowments, Farming Systems and Technology Priorities for Sub Sahara Africa." Disscusion Paper ARU 60, Agriculture and Rural Development Department World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Sinswanger,Hans P., and Prabhu LPingali.1988. "Technological Priorities for Farming in Saharan Africa "The World Bank Research 0bserver 3(1):81-98.

Binswanger, Hans P., KLaus L Deininger and Gershon Feder. 1993. Power Distortions, Revolt, and Reform m Agricultural Land Relations. Policy Reserch Working Paper WPS1164.. LAC Technical Department and Agriculture and Rural Development Department World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Birdsall Nancy. 1992 Another Look at Poputation and Global Warning Policy Research Working Paper WPS 1020. Country Economics [Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bishop, Joshua, and Jennifer Allen. 1989. The On-Site Costs of SD; Erosion in Ma/a Environments Departrnent Working Paper No. 21. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Blachvell, Jonathan M., Roger N. Goodwillie, Richard Webb. 1991. Environment and Development in Africa: Selected Case Studies. EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytic Case Studies, Number 6. Economic Development Institute. World Bank Washington D.C.

Blaikie, Pires, and Harald Brookfield. 1987.Land Degradation and Society. Methuen, London and New York

Blarcom, Bonni van, Odin Knudsen, John Nash. 1993. The Reform pf Public Expenditures for Agriculture. World Bank Discussion Paper 216. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bleck Wolf. 1987. "Family and Family Planning in Southem Chana." In Oppong 1987, pp. 138 153.

Blumberg, Rae Lesser. 1989. Making the Case for the Gender Variable: Women and the Wealth and Well-Being of Nations. Technical Reports in Gender and Development No. 1 /1989. Office or Women in Development USAID, Washington, D.C

Bajo, Jan. 1991. The Economics of Land Degradation: Theory and Applications to Lesotho. (A Disseration for the Doctor's Degree in Economics). Research Institute , Stockholni School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.

Bonfiglioli, Angelo Maliki. 1993. Agro-Pastoralism in Chad as a Stratey-for SurviDal: Arr Essay on the Relationship between Anthropology and Statistics. World Bank Technical Paper No. 214, Africa Technical Departments Series. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bongaarts, John, Odile Frank, and Ron 1990. "The Proximate Deterrrinants of Fertility." In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990 pp. 133 143.

Borlaugh, Norman E 1991. "Reaching Sub-Saharan Africa's Small-Scale Farmers with Improved Technology: The Sasakawa-Global 2000 Expezience.In Garbus, Pritchard, and Knudsen 1991 7-21.

Bos, Eduard, My T. Vu, Ann Levin, and Rodolfo Bulatao. 1992 World Population Projections 1992-93 Edition: Estimates and Projections with Related Dernographic Statistics Published for the World Bank. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London

Bosc, Pierre-Marie, Peter Calkins and Jean-Michel Yung 1991. Technology Adoption in the Sahelian and Sudanese Regions Approach and Major Findings In Gnaegy and Anderson 1991, pp. 45 59.

Boserup, Ester. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Polulation Pressure George Allen and Unwin London.

Boserup, Ester.1970. Woman's Role in Economic Develapment. St. Martin's Press, George Allen and Unwin, New York

Boserup, Ester.1981. Poputation and Technological Change: A Study of Long Term Trends.University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Bradley, P. N., and K McNamara (eds.) 1993 Living wiyh Trees: Policies for Forestry Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Technical Paper No. 2:10. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Brastton, MIchael 1987. Drought, Food and she Social Organization of Small Farmers in Zirnbabwe " In Glantz 1987, pp. 213 244.

Braun, Joachim von, Hartwing de Haen, and Jurgen Blanken. 1991. CommerciaIization Agriculture under Population Pressure: Effects on Production, Consumption. and Nutrition in Rwanda Reseach Report 85. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.

Briscoe, John, and David de Ferranti. 1988. Water for Rural Communities: Helping People Help Themeselves World Bank, Washington, D.C

Bromley, Daniel W., and Michael M. Cernea 1989. The Management of Common Property Natural Resources Some Conceptual and Optional Fallacies. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 57. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Brown, Ellen, and Robert Nooter. 1992 Successful Small-Scale Imigation in the Sahel World Bank Technical Paper No. 171. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Brown, Lester, and Edward C Wolf. 1984. Soil Erosion: Quiet Crisis m the World Economy. World watch Paper 60. World watch Institute, Washington, D.C

Boserup, Ester. 1985. Reversing Africa's Decline. World watch Paper 65. Worldwatch Institute Washington, D.C., and Jodi L Jacobson. 1986. Our Demographically Divided World. Worldwatch Paper 74. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C.

Boserup, Ester,and Jodi L Jacobson. 1986. Our Demographically Divided World. Worldwatch Paper 74. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C.

Brown,l ester R.,Williar U. Chandler, Christopher Flavin, Cynthia Pollock, Sandra Postel, Linda Starke, and Edward C Wolf. 1985 State of the World 1985: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. Worldwatch Institute. W. W. Norton, New York and London.

Brown, Lester R., Alan Durning, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French, Jodi Jacobson, Marcia Lowe, Sandra Postel, Michael Renner, Linda Starke, and John Young. 1990. State of the World 1990: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. Work watch Institute. W.W. Norton, New York and London.

Bryson, Judy C. 1981. "Women and Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Development (An Exploratory Study)." The Journal of Development Studies 17(3), Special Issue on African Women in the Development Process; pp. 29 46.

Buck, Louise E. 1993. "Development of Participatory Approaches for Promoting Agroforestry: Collaboration between the Mazingira Institute, ICRAF, CARE-Kenya, KEFRI and the Forestry Department (1980-91)." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 118135.

Bulatao, Rodolto A. 1984. Reducing Fertility in Developing Countries: A Review of Determinants and Policy Levers. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 680, Population and Development Series No. 5. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Bulatao, Rodolto A. and Ann Elwan. 1985. Fertility and Mortality Transition: Patterns, Projections, and Interdependence. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 681, Population end Development Series No. 6. world Bank,, Washington, D.C.

Bulatao, Rodolfo A., Eduard Bos, Patience W. Stephens, and My T. Vu. 1989. Africa Region Population Projections, 1989-90 Edition. PPR Working Paper WPS 330. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Bulatao, Rodolfo A., and Eduard Bos. 1992. Projecting the Demographic Impact of AIDS. Policy Research Working Paper WPS 941. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Bunting, A. H. (ed.). 1970. Change in Agriculture. Gerald Duckworth, London.

Burfisher, Mary E, and Nadine R. Horenstein. 1985. Sex Roles in the Nigerian Tiv Farm Household. The Population Council, New York. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Conn., USA.

CAB International. 1991. CAB International: 1990 in Review. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K.

Cain, Mead. 1984. Women's Status and Fertility in Developing Countries: Son Preference and Economic Security. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 682, Population and Development Series No. 7. World Bank,, Washington, D.C.

Caldwell, John C. 1991. "The Soft Underbelly of Development De;nographicTransition in Conditions of Limited Economic Change." In Stanley Fisher, Dennis de Tray and Shekar Snah, eds., Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, Supplement to Ike World Bank Economic Review and The World Bank Research Observer, Washington,D.C;R 207-253.

Caldwell, John C. and Pat Caldwell. 1990a. "Cultural Forces lending to Sustain High Fertility." In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990, pp. 199-214.

Caldwell, John C. and Pat Caldwell. 1990b. "High Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa." Scientific American, May 1990; pp. 118-125.

Calhoun, John B. 1991. "The Plight of the Ik." In West and Brechin 1991, pp. 55-60.

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). 1990. The Water Utilization Project: A Case Study on a Water and Health Education Project in Northem Ghana. Social Dimension Division, Canadian International Development Agency, Hull, Quebec, Canada.

Carapetis, Steve, HernLevy, Terje Wolden. 1991. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Program. The Road Maintenance Initiative: Building Capacity for Policy. Volume 1: Report on the Policy Seminars. EDI Seminar Series, Economic Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Carney Judith A, 1988.. "Struggles over Land and Crops in an Irrigated Rice Scheme: The Gambia." In Davison1988c, pp. 59-78.

Carr, Marilyn. 1985. "Technologies for Rural Women: Impact and Dissemination." In Ahmed 1985, pp. 115-153.

Michael Ayre and Gordon Hathway. 1984. Reducing Use Woman's Women's Burden: A for Initiatives to Improve the Efficiency of Movement. Intermediate Technlology Development Group, London.

Carr, Marilyn, and Ruby Sandhu 1988. Women, Technology and Rural Productivity: An Analysis of the Impact of Time and Energy-saving Technologies on Women. UNIFEM Oocasional Paper No. 6. United Nations Development Fund for Women, New York.

Carr, Stephen J. 1989. Technology Small-Scale Farmers in Sub-aharan Africa: Experience with Food Crop Production in Five Major Ecological Zones. World Bank Technical Paper No. 109. World Bank Washington, D.C.

Carr, Stephen J. 1993 Improvong Cash Crops in African Factors Influencing the Production of Cotton, Coffee, and Tea Grown by Smallholders World Bar. Technical Paper No. 216. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Centre for Development Cooperation Services. 1986. "Soil and Water Conservation in Sub Africa: Issues and Options." Prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Centre for Development Cooperation Services, Free Universitz Amsterdam.

Centre for Development Cooperation Services. 1992 Soil and Water Conservation in Sub+Saharana: Towards Sustainable Production by the Rural Poor. A Report prepared for the International Fund for Agricultural Development by the Centre for Development Cooperation Services. Free University, Arrive. dam.

Cernea,Michael M 1981. Land Tenure Systems and Sociall Implications of Forestry Development Program World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 45 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Cernea,Michael M 1989 Use Groups as Producers in ParticipatoryAfforestaion Strategies World Bank Discussion Paper No. 70. World BanK, Washington, D.C - (ed). 1991. Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development. (Second Edition, revised and expanded.) Oxford University Press, New York and London.

Chaguma and Damson Gumbo. 1993. Yimbabwe and Community Research." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 67-76.

Chambers, Robert. 1991. "In Search of Professionalism, Bureaucracy and Sustainable Lively for the 21st Centuy.'lDS Bulletin 22(4):50-11.

Chambers, Robert, Arnold Pacey, and Lon Ann Thrupp (eds).1989. Farmer Firs and Agricultural Research Intermediate Technology Publications, London.

Chambers, Robert, and Carnilla Toulrnin. 1991 "Farmer-First Achieving Sustainable Dryland Development in Africa" In Haswell and Hunt 1991, pp. 23-48.

Chapman, Duane (ed.). 1990. Arriving Renewable Resource bagman in the Third world Environment Department Working Paper No 44 World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Charles, Achieving, Kate Willard. 1993. "Agriculture Activities and NGOs in Siaya District" Ind. Wellard and Copestake 1993 pp. 100 110.

Chavangi, Noel A. 1992 "Household Based Tree Planting Activities for Fuelwood Supply in Rural Kenya: THe Role of the Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme" In Taylor and Mackenyie 1992, pp. 140-169.

Rutger J. Eruhard and Valerie Jones. 1985. Culture as the Basis for Implementing Self-Sustaining Woodfuel Development Programs. Beijer Institute, Nairobi.

Chernichowsky, Don, Robert E. E. Lucas and Eva Mueller. 1985. The Household Economy of Rural Bastwana African Case World Bank Staff Paper No. 715 World Washington, D.C

Chornitz, Kenned and Nancy Birdsall 1991. "Incentives for Small Families: Concepts and lasses." In Stanley Fisher, Dennis de Tray and Shekar Shah, eds., Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, Supplement to The World Bank Economic and The World Bank Observer, Washington, D.C.; pp. 309339.

Cristiansson, Carl, and Eva Tobisson 1989. Environrnental Degradation as a Consequence of Socio-Political Conflict in Region, Tanzania." In Hjort af Burros and Salih 1989, pp. 51 66.

Clark, Garcia 1985 Fighting the African Food Crisis Women Food Farmers and Food Workers. UNIFem OccasionalPaper No 1. UnitedNations Development Fund Fund for Women, New York

Clarke, John I., and Leszek A. kosinski (eds.). 1982 Redistribution of Population in Africa. Hernemann, London.

Cleaver, Kevin M. 1993. A Strategy to Develop Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa and a Focus for the World Bank. World Bank Technical Paper No. 203, Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank, Washington, DC Mohan Munasinghe, Mary Dyton, Nicolas Egli, Axel Peuker, Francis (ed.). 1992 Conservation of West and Central African Rainforest Selected Papers, from the Conference on Conservation of West and Central African Rainforests; held in Abided, November 5 9, 1990 World Bank Environment Paper No. 1. Published in cooperation with IUCN The World Conservation Union World Bank' Washington, D.C

Cleland, John 1985. "Marital Fertilitz Decline in Developing Counties Theories and the Evidence" In Cleland and Hobcraft 1985, pp. 233-252

Charana, Susan H. 1985. Developrnent Consequences of rapid Population Growth: A Review from the Perspective Africa. PHI Technical Note 85-8 Population, Health and Nutrition Department. World Bank Washington, D.C

Charana, Susan H, and Samir M: Farm 1989. Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa- Analysis and Explanation. World Bank Discussion Paper No 43. World Bank Washington, D.C

Charana, Susan H, and Samir Farid. .1990 "Socioeconomic Differentials in Fertility and Their Explanation." Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990, pp. 144 154.

Charana, Susan H, Fred I. Sai and Janet Nassing 1990. hje Development of Population and Familz Planning Policies." In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990 pp. 217-233.

Colby, Michael E. 1989. Thetion of Paradigms of Environmental Managentent in Development Discussion Paper No. 1, Strategic Planning and Rev few Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Connell, John, and Michael Lipton 1977. Assessing Village labour Situations In Developing Country Oxford a Press, London

Cook, Cynthia C., and Mikael Grut 1989. Agroforestry in Sub Saharan Africa - A Farmer's Perspective World Bank Technical Paper No. 112: World Bank Washington, D C

Cook, Cynthia C, and Aleki Mukendi 1992 Involuntarz Ressttlement in Bank-Financed Projects: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. AFAR Working Paper No. 3. Africa Technical Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Copestake, James G. 1993. The Contribution to Agricultural Technology Development of the Gwembe Valley Agricultural Mission (1985-90) In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 174-179.

Creevey, Lucy E. (ed.). 1986 Women Farmers in Africa Rural Development in Mad arid the Sahel. Syracuse University Press,

Gvelle D 1993 Transport and Economic Performance. A Survez of Developing Countries World Bank Technical Paper No. 232, Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Crofts Trevor A. 1991 Lake Malawi National Park: A Case Studz in Conservation Planning in West and Brechin 1991, pp. 138 149.

Csapo, Marg: 1983. Universal Primary Education in Nigeria: Its Problems and Implications African Studies Review 26(1) - 106

Curtis, Val 1986. Women and the Transport of Water. Imediate Technology Publications, London

Daly, Herman E, and John B. Cobb,Jr. 1989. For the Common Good Redirecting the Economy

Toward Communitz, the Environment and a Sustainable Future Beacon Press, Boston

Dankeknan, Irene, and Joan Davidson 1988. Women and Environment in the Third World

Alliance for the Future Earthscan Publications/International Union for Conservation of Nature, London.

Dasgupta Partha 1992 population, Resources, and Povert,z Ambio 21(1):95-101. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm

Dasgupta Partha.1993. "Poverty, Resources, and Fertility The Household as a Reproductive Partnership." In Munasingle 1993, pp. 73-102.

Dasgupta Partha, and Karl-GMaler. 1991. "The Environment and Emerging Development Issues." In Stanley Fisher, Dennis de Tray and Shekar Shah, eds., Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, Supplement to The World Bank Economic Review and The World Bank Research Observer, Washington, D.C; pp. 101131.

Date-Bah, Eugenia. 1985. "Technologies for Rural Women of Ghana: Role of Socio Cultural Factors." In Ahmed 1985, pp. 211-251

Dauber, Roslyn, and Melinda L. Cain (eds.). 1981. Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Davis, Kingsley, and Mikhail S. Bernstam (eds.). 1991. Resources, Environment, and Population Present Knowledge, Future Options. (Supplement to Population and Development Review, Vol. 16, 1990). The Population Council, New York Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.

Davis, Sheldon H. (ed.). 1993. Indigenous Views of Land and the Environment. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 188. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Davis, Ted J. (ed.) 1985. Proceedings of the Fifth Agriculture Sector Symposium. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Davis, Ted J. (ed.),and Isabelle A Schirmer (eds.). 1987 Sustainability Issues in Agricultural Development: Proceedings of the Seventh Agriculture Sector Symposium. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Davison, Jean 1988a. "Who Owns What? Land Registration and Tensions in Gender Relations of Production in Kenya." In Davison 1988c, pp. 157-176.

Davison, Jean 1988a. 1988b. "Land Distribution in Mozambique and its Effects on Women's Collective Production: Case Studies from Sofala Province." In Davison 1988c, pp. 228-249.

Davison, Jean 1988a. (ed.). 1988c. Agriculture, Women, and Land: The African Experience Westview Special Studies on Africa Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Dei, George J. S. 1992. "A Ghanaian Rural Community: Indigenous Responses to Seasonal Food Supply Cycles and the Socio-Environmental Stresses of the 1980s." In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 58-81.

Dejene, Alemneh , and Joslivares. 1991. Integrating Environmental Issues into a Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Development: The Case of Mozambique. World Bank Technical Paper No. 146. WOrld Bank, Washington, D.C.

DeJong, Jocelyn. 1991. Traditional Medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: Its Importance and Potential Policy Options. PRE Working Paper WPS 735, Population and Human Resources Department World Bank, Washington, D C

DeLacey, Virginia. 1990. "Socioeconomic Consequences of High Fertility for the Family." In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatao 1990, pp. 115-130.

Devres Inc. 1980. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Low-Volume Rural Roads—A Review of the Literature. AID Program Evaluation Discussion Paper No 7. USAID, Washington, D.C.

Dey, Jennie. 1984a. Women in Food Production and Food Security in Africa. Women in Agriculture No. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Dey, Jennie. 1984b Women in Rice Farming Systems (Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa). Women Agriculture No. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Dla, Mamadou. 1993. A Governance Approach to Civil Service Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 225, Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank' Washington, D.C

Dianzinga, Scolastique, and Paulette Yambo. 1992. "Les Femmes et la ForUtilization et Conservation des Ressources Forestis Autres que le Bois." In Cleaver et al. 1992, pp. 233-238.

Diop, Amadou Moctar. 1993. "Rodale Institute/Rodale International/CRAR Senegal." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 264 269.

Dixon, John. A., David E. Jumes and Paul B. Sherman. 1989. The Economics of Dryland Management. Earthscan Publications, London.

Dixon, John A., and Paul B. Sherman 1990. Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look of Benefits and Costs. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Dixon, John A, David E James, and Paul B. Sherman (eds.). 1990. Dryland Management: Economic Case Studies. Earthscan Publications, London.

Dixon-Mueller, Ruth 1985. Women's Work in Third World Agriculture: Concepts and Indicators. International Labour Office, Geneva

Dommen, Arthur John 1988. Innovation in African Agriculture Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Doorenbos, J., B. Haverkort and J. Jiggins. 1988. "Women and the Rationalisation of Smallholder Agriculture" Agricultural Administration and Extension 28:101 - 112.

Dorjahn, Vernon R 1959. "The Factor of Polygyny in African Demography." In Bascom and Herskovits 1959, pp. 87-112

Due, Jean M. 1988. "Intra-Household Gender Issues in Farming Systems in Tanzania, Zambia, andd Malawi". In Ponts, Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 331-344

Dugue, Patrick 1993. "The Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research (ISRA) and the Fatick Region Farmers' Association (ARAF)." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 270-282

Dwyer, Daisy, and Judith Bruce (eds.) 1988. A Home Divided Women and Income in the Third World. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Dyson, Mary. 1992. "Concern for African Forest Peoples: A Touchstone of a Sustainable Development Policy." In Cleaver et al. 1992, pp. 212-221.

Easter, K. William, and Robert R. Hearne. 1993. Decentralizing Water Resource Management: Economic Incentives, Accountability and Assurance. Policy Research Working Paper 1219, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Edungbola, Luke D., Eka L Braide, A. C. Nwosu, B. Aripo. E. L L Gemade, K. S. Adeyemi, and C de Rooy. 1987. Guinea Worm Control as a Major Contributor to Self-Sufficiency in Rice Production in Nigeria. Water and Sanitation Section, UNICEF Nigeria, Lagos

Ehrlich, Paul R 1986. "Extinction: What Is Happening Now and What Needs to Be Done." In Elliot 1986, pp. 157-164.

Ehrlich, Paul R, and Anne H. Ehrlich 1981. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance Aspens. Random House, New York.

Eicher, Carl K 1984a "Facing up to Africa's Food Crisis." In Carl K Eicher and John M. Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, pp 453-479.

Eicher, Carl K. 1984b. "International Technology Transfer and the African Farmer: Theory and Practice." Working Paper 3/84. Department of Land Management, University of Zimbabwe, Harare

Eicher, Carl K.1985. "Agricultural Research for African Development Problems and Priorities for 1985-2000." Paper prepared for a World Bank Conference on Research Priorities for SubSaharan Africa, Bellagio, February 25 - March 1,1985. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan

Eicher, Carl K. 1986. Transforming African Agriculture. The Hunger Project Papers, No 4, San Francisco.

Eicher, Carl K. 1989. Sustainable Institutions for African Agricultural Development. Working Paper No. 19. International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Eicher, Carl K, and Doyle C Baker. 1982. Research on Agricultural Development in Sub Saharan Africa: A Critical Survey. MSU International Development Paper No. 1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

Elliot, David (ed.). 1986. Dynamics of Extinction. John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.

Elnur, Awatif Mahmoud. 1985. "Renewable Options for the Sudanese Women." In Environmental Liaison Center, Women and the Environmental Crisis. Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women, Environment and Development, Nairobi 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi; pp 35 36.

Engberg, Lila E, Jean H. Sabry, and Susan A. Beckerson. 1988. "A Comparison of Rural Women's Time Use and Nutritional Consequences in Two Villages in Malawi." In Poats, Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 90-110

Engel, J. Ronald, and Joan Gibb Engel (eds.). 1990 Ethics of Environment and Develoment: Global Challenge, International Response. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Arizona

English, John, Mary Tiffen and Michael Mortimore. 1994. Land Also Management in Machakos District, Kenya, 1930-1990. World Bank Environment Paper No.5. Washington,World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Ewing, Andrew J., and Raymond Chalk 1988. The Forest Industries Sector. An Operational Strategy for Developing Countries. World Bank Technical Paper No. 83, Industry and Energy Series. World Bank, Washington D.C.

Faiz, Asif, Cell Harral and Frida Johansen 1987. "State of the Road Networks in Developing Countries and a Country Typology of Response Measures." In National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Road Deterioration in Developing Countries and LowVolume Road Engineering. Transportation Research Record 1128. National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-17.

Falconer, Julia, 1992. "Non-Timber Forest Products in Ghana's Forest Zone: Issues for Forest Conservation." In Cleaver et al. 1992, pp. 177-181.

Falkenmark, Malin. 1991. "Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predictament of Tomorrow's Africa." In Davis and Bernstam 1991, pp. 81-94.

Falkenmark, Malin, and Riga Adiwoso Suprapto. 1992. "Population-Landscape Interactions in Development: A Water Pespective to Environmental Sustainability." Ambio 21(1):31-36. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.

Falloux, Frans. 1989. Land Information and Remote Sensing for Renewable Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Demand-Driven Approach. World Bank Technical Paper No. 108. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Falloux, Frans, and Aleki Mukendi (eds.). 1988. Desertification control and Renewable Resource

Management in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No.70. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Falloux, Frans, LeeTalbot, Jeri Larson 1991.Progress and NextEnvironmental Action Steps for National Environmental Action Plans in Africa Environment Division, Africa Technical Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Falloux, Frans, and Lee M. Talbot. 1992. Crise et OpportunitEnvironnement et Dloppement en Afrique. Masonneuve and Larose, Paris.

Falloux, Frans, and Lee M. Talbot. 1993 Crisis and Opportunity: Environment and Developement in Africa. Earthscan, London.

Famoriyo, Segun. 1979. Land Tenure and Agricultural Development in Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1983. FoodAid in Figures. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1984a Changes in Shifting Cultivation in Africa. FAO Forestry Paper No. 50. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1984b. Land, Food and People Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO)1934c. Women In Agricultural Production Women in Agriculture No L Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1984d. Women in Food Production (Report of the Expert Consultation Held in Rome, 7-14 December 1983). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1985. Women in Developing Agriculture. Women in Agriculture No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1986 .Atlas of African Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO).1989. Forestry and Nutrition:A Reference Manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1990a. The Major Significance of 'Minor' Forest Products: The Local Use and Value

Forests in the West African Humid Forest :Zone Prepared by Julia Falconer. Community Forestry Note 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO)1990b. The Conservation and Rehabilitation of African Lands: An International Scheme. ARC/90/4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). 1991. Small Ruminant Production and the SmalI Ruminant Genetic Resource in Tropical Africa FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 88. By R. Trevor Wilson. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO), and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 1992 (ECA). Land Degradation and Food Supply. Issues and Options for Food Self-Sufficiency in Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, and United Nations Economic Commision for Africa, Addis Ababa.

Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO), and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1981. Forest Resources of Tropical Africa, Part I: Regional Synthesis. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO/World Bank Cooperative Programme. 1991. Nigeria: Land Resources Management Study. Report No. 32/91 CP-NIR 42 SPN (3 vols.). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Investment Cenire, FAO/World Bank Cooperative Programme, Rome.

Fapohunda, Eleanor R. 1988. The Nonpooling Household: A Challenge to Theory. In Dwyer and Bruce 1988, pp. 143 154.

GhaziFarooq, Ghazi M, Ita L Ekanem and Sina Ojelade. 1987. "Family Size Preferences and Fertility in South-Westen Nigeria." In Oppong 1987, pp. 75-85.

Farah, Jumanah. 1994. Pesticide Policies in Developing Countries: Do They Encourage Excessive Use? World Bank Discussion Paper No. 238, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Feder, Gershon, and David Feeny. 1991. "Land Tenure and Property Rights: Theory and Implications for Development Policy." The World Bank Economic Review 5(1):135 153.

Feierman, Steven 1993 "Defending the Promise of Subsistence Population Growth and Agriculture in the West Usambara Mountains 1920-1980" "In Turner, Hyden, end Kates 1993, pp. 114-144.

Ferguson-Bisson, Darl. 1992. "Rational Land Management in the Face of Demographic Pressure: Obstacles and Opportunities for Rural Men and Women ." Ambio 21(1):90

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm

Ford, Robert E 1993. "Marginal Coping in Extreme Land Pressures: Ruhengeri, Rwanda" In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp. 145 186

Foreit, Karen G. 1992. Private Sector Approaches to Effective Family Planning. Policy Research Working Paper WPS 940, Population and Human Resources Department World Bank Washington, D.C.

Fortmann, Louise 1981 "The Plight of the Invisible Farmer: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women to Africa." In Dauber and Cain 1981, pp. 205-214.-, and John W. Bruce teds.).

Fortmann, Louise. 1988. Whose Trees? Proprietary Dimensions of Forestry. Westview Press, Boulder and London. Frank, Odile. 1990. "The Demand for Fertility Controls." In Acsadi, Johnson-Acsadi, Bulatac 1990, pp. 186-198.

Frederick, Kenneth V. 1993.Balancing Water Demands with Supplies: The Role of Management in a World of Increasing Scarcity World Bank Tehnical Paper No. 189. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Frederiksen, Harald D. 1993. Drought Planning and Water Efficiency Implications m Waler Resources Management. World Bank Technical Paper No. 185. World Bank, Washington D.C.

Freeman, Peter H., with J. K Rennie. 1985. "Desertification in the Salel: Diagnosis and Proposals for IUCN's Response." lnternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.

Funk, Ursula 1988. Nancy Tenure, Agriculture, and Gender in Guinea-Bissau." In Jean Davison, ed. ,1988c, pp. 33-58.

The Futures Group, 1976. Effects of Population on Development Objectives: A Demonstration. (RAPID - Resources for the Awareness of Population Impacts on Development). The Futures Group, Washington, D.C.

The Futures Group.1981. Rwanda: The Effects of Population Factors on SociaI and Economic Developement. (RAPID - Resources for the Awareness of Population Impacts on Development). The Futures Group,Washington, D.C.

The Futures Group.1983. Mali The Effects of Depopulation Factors on Social and Economic Developement (RAPID - Resources for the Awareness of Population Impacts on Development). The Futures Group, Washington, D.C.

The Futures Group .1985. Nigeria: The Effects of Population Factors on Social and Economic Developement. (RAPID - Resources for the Awareness of Population Impacts on Development). The Futures Group, Washington, D.C.

The Futures Group.1991. Population et Environment au Rwanda. Deuxi tion. The Futures Group, Washington, D.C.

Garbus, Lisa, Anthony Pritchard, and Odin Knudsen (ads.). 1991. Agricultural Issues in the 1990s: Procredings of the Eleventh Agriculture Sector Symposium. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Gavira, Juan, Visha Blanch and Uma Cola 1989. The Rural Road Question and Nigeria's A Agricultural Development Madia Discussion Paper 10 World Bank Washington D.C

Gerhart John D 1986 "Farming Systems Research, Productivity, and Equity " In Moock 1986, pp 58 70.

Ghana Covernment of; Land Use Planning Commmittee 1979 port of the Land Use Planning Committe tee Accra, Ghana

Ghana, Republic of, and United Nations Children Fund 1990. Children and Women of Ghana. Situation Analysis 1989-90. Accra, Ghan

Goon, Peter, Kjell J. Havne and Keenneth Hermmel 1993.A Blighted Harvest :The World Bank and African Agriculture m the 1980s Africa World Press, Trenton, N J., USA

Gille, Halvor. 1985. Policy Implications" In Clelend and Cost 1985, pp 273-295

Glintz, Michael H (Ed). 1987 Drought and Hunger in Africa Denying Famine a Future Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Gewwe, Paul, and Kwaku A Swum Baah 1991 The Distribution of Welfare in Ghana 1987 88. Living Standards Measurement Study, Working Paper No. 75 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Gnaegy, Suzanne ,and Jock R Anderson (eds) ) 1991 Agricultural Technology in Sub Saharan World Bank. Washington, D.C

Galohas, Mire 1988 "Land and the Household Economy Women Farmers of the Grassfields Today. In Davis 1988c, pp. 90 105.

Goldman AT 1993. Abe Growth and Agriculture Change in Imo State, So& eastern Nigeria In Turner, Hyden, and Kales 1993, pp. 250-301.

Goodland, Robert 1991. TropicaI Deforestation Solutions Ethics and Religions. Environment Working Paper No. 43, Environment Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Goody, Jack and Joan Buckley 1973. "Inheritance" and Women's Labour in Africa 43(2) 180 121

Gorse, Jean Eugene and David R Steeds 1987 Desertification in the Saheltan and Sudanian Zones of West World Bankl Paper no. 61 World Bank, Washongton D.C Gray, John W. 1983 Forest Revenue Systems m Developing Countries Their Role m Income

Generation and Forest Management Strategies FAO Forestry Paper No. 43. Food and Agriculture Organization the United Nations

Greathead, David John, and 1- K Angle 1983 Opportunities for Biologocal Control

Agricultural Pests m Developing Countries World Bank Technical Paper No 11 World Bank,Washington, D.C

Gregersen Hans Sydney Draper and Dieter Hz (eds.) .1989. People Trees The Rol Social Forestry in Sustainable Development FDI Seminar Series World Bank Washington D.C.

Grimshaw, Richard G. 1989. "A Review of Existing Soil Conservattion Technologies and Proposed Method of Soil Conservation Using Contour Farming Practices Backed Yeuver Grass Hedge Barriers " In Meyers 1989, pp. 81-97.

Development, Jeffrey Allman 1988. The West African Sahel Human Agency and Environmetal Change Geography Research Paper No. 226. University of Chicago, Chicago Grut, Mabel, John A Gray, and Nicolas1991. Forest Pricing and Concession Policies

Managing the High Forest of West and Central Africa World Bnak Technical Paper No. 143, Africa Technical Series.World World Bank, Washington, D.C

Guyer, Jane 1986. "Intra-Household usehold Proceses and Faming Syatems Research: Perspective from Anthropology in Moock 1986, pp. 92-104

Guyer, Jane 1988. "Dynamic Approaches to Domesti Budgeting. Cases Methods from Africa." In Dwyer and Bruce 1988, pp. 155 172.

Gumbo, Davison J. 1992 "Technology Generation and its Niche in Integrated Natural Resource Managernent" In World Bank 1992a, pp.

Haan, Cees de. 1991 "Developments in Animal Technology In Garbus, Pritchard and Knudsen 1991, pp. 57-69.

Haan Cornelis de, and Nico J. Nissen 1985. Animal Health Services in Sub-Saharan Africa AItenrative Approach World Bank Technical Pa per No. 44 World Bank, Washington, D.C. Dad, Laurence, and Ravi Kanbury 1990. Are Better Households More Unequal or Less Unequals PRE Working Paper WPS 373. World Bank, Washington D.C

Hagblade, Steven, and Peter B. Hazell. 1988 Prospects for Equitable Growth in Rural Sub Saharan Africa. AGRAP Econornic Discussion Paper No. 3, Agriculture and Rural Development Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Hagblade, Steven, and Peter B. Hazell, and James Brown 1989. "Farm-Nonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa World Development 17(8):1173-1201

Hammond, Peter El. 1959. Economic Change and Mossi Acculturation" In Bascorn and Herskovits 1959 pp. 238-256.

Hammond, Peter El. 1988. "Correcting the Underestimated Frequency of the Head-of-Household Experience for Women Farrners" In Poat, Schmink and Spring 1988 pp. 111-126.

Hammond, Peter El, and Della E McCann (eds). 1986. Food in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lynns Rienner, Boulder, Colorado.

Hansen stain 1990. "Absorbing a Rapidly Grown in Labor Force in Acsadi, Johnson Acsadi, Bulato 1990, pp. 61-73.

Handy, Blaine 1990. Africa Dispatches, from a Fragile Continent. W.W. Norton and Co., New York and London

Harral Clel 1987 "Organization and Management of Road Maintenance in Developing Countries" In National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Road In Countries and Low Volurne Road Engineering Transportation Research Record 1128. National Research Council Washington, D.C; pp 36-41

Harrison Gaul 1987. Yhe Greening of Africa: Breaking Through in the Battle for Land and Found An International Institute for Environment and Development - Study Penguin, London New York

Harrison, Peter, and John Hove. 1989 MeasuringTransport Demands of the Futural Poor: Experience front Africa" GATE German Appropriate Terminology Exchange, No. 1/89 Deutsches Zentrum

Hart, Keity 1982 The Political Economy of West African Agriculture Cambrige University Press, Cambridge, UK

Haswell, Margret and Diana Hunt (eds.) 1991. Rural Household in Emerging Societies Terminology and Change in Sub - Saharan Africa. Berg Publishers, Oxford New York.

Hedemann, Gaus, and Charies K Kaira 1988 "Transport Planningg in Rural Regions in Developing Countries Economics" pp. 142-157.

Hemoun Caphlan, Grace S. 1981 "International Development and the Evolution of Women's Economic Rules: "Case Study from Northem (Upper Volta. In Bay 1982, pp. 171-189).

Henderson, Helen 1986 The Grass roots Wornen's Committeease a Development Strategy in an Upper Volta Village. In Crey 1986, pp. 133 -158

Helen. Jeanne Xoopm 1988. Intra-Household Dynarnic and State Policies as Constraints on Food Production Results; of a 1985 Agroeconomy Survey in Cammeron In Schmink and Spring 88 pp. 315 330.

Heyer, Judith, Pepe Roberts and Gavin Williams (eds). 1981. Rural Deveopment in Practice St. Martin's Press, New York

Higgins, G. M., A, H Kahn, L Naikenr G. Fit, and A. Shah 1982 Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Land in the Developing World Technical Report of Project INT/75/P13, "Land Resources for Populations of the Future" FAO, UNDP and IIASA, Rome.

Hill, Althea. 1990. Population Conditions in Mainland Sub Saharan Africa" In Acsadi Johnson - Acsadi Bulato 1990, pp. 27

Hill Ian D. 1982. "Natural Resources Surveys in Agricultural Development Planning A Qeuck and Mean Method" Agricultural Administraition 110. 181-188. Applied Science Publishers, Barking, Essex, England.

Hill, M. Anne,and Elizabeth King 1993. "Women's Educationin Developing Countries: An Overview." In King and Hill 1993, pp. 1-50.

Hill, Polly 1963.The Migrant Cocoa Farrmers of Southern Ghana. Cambodge University Press, Cambridge.

Hill, Polly. 1982 Dry Grain Farming Families: Hauseland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) Comparal. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;

Hiort of Ornds, Anders, and M. A. Mohamed Sailh (Eds) 1989 Ecology and Politics Environmental Strees and Security in Africa Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden

Ho, Teresa J. 1985 Population Growth and Agricultural Productivity in Sub Sahara Africa. In Levis l995, pp 92-101.

Hill, Polly. 1990 "Population Growth and Africans Productivity in Acsadi, Johnson and, Bulatao 1990, pp 31-43.

Hoff, Knurls 1991. Introduction: Agricultural Taxation and Land Rights Systems The World Bank Ecoomic Review(13:8-31)

Holcombe, Sugars 1988. Profile of Women Agricultural Produce users-A tool for Development Planners Sudan Example Unifem Occasional Paper No. 7 United Nations Development for Women, New York

Holden, Dennnis, Peter Hazell, and Anthony Prutchard (eds). 1991 Risk in Agriculture Procedings of the Tenth Agriculture Sector Symposium World Bank Washington, D.C

Corer Nader 1987. Supporting Womer:'s Involvment in African Agriculture An Assessment of Selcted Agencies Approaches. Report prepared for the World Bank, Women in Development Divinsion International Center for Research an women, Washington, D.C

Corer Nader 1989. Women and Food Securtly in Kenya a PPR Working Paper WPS232 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Horowitz, Michael M. and Peter D. Little 1987 "African Pastoralism and Poverty Some Implications for Drought and Famines In Glantz 1987 pp. 55-82

Horowitz, Michael M, and Muneera Salem-Murdocick 1993 "River Basin Development Policy Women and Children A Case Study from the Senegal River Valley" In Steady 1993, pp. 317-338

Hoskins, Marilyn 1979. "Women in Forestry for Local Community Development A Programming Guide" Office of Women in Development, USAID, Washington, D.C

Hough, John 1991a "Michiru Mountain Conservation Area: integrating Conservation with Human Needs " In West and Brechin 1991, pp 130 137.

Hough, John.1991b "Social Impact Assessment : Role in Protected Area Planning and Management" In West and Brechin 1991 pp. 274-283.

Howarth, Richard B., and Richard B. Norgaard 1990. 'Intergenerational Resource Rights, Efficacy, and Social Optimality " Land Economic 66(1):1-11

Hoyle, B S. (ed.) 1974 Spatial Aspects of Developmnt John Wiley and Sons, London and New York.

Hudgens, Rabert 1988 Household in the Central Province of Zambia." In Poats Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 373 387

Hudson, N. W. 1987. "Limiting Degradation Cased by Soil Erosions" In Women and Foumier 1987, pp. 153-169.

Hurlich, Susan 1!?86 Women m Zambia. Rural Science and Technology Institute, Canadian International Development Agency. Hull, Quebec, Canada

Hyde, Karin A L 1993 "Sub-Saharan Africa "In King and Hill 1993, pp 100-135.

Hyde, F., and David H Newrrmn, with a contribution by Roger A Sedjo 1991. Forest Economics and Policy Analysis An Overview World Bank Discusion Paper No. 134. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Hyden, Gorgers 1986. The Invisible Economy of Smallholder Agriculture in Africa " Moock 1986, pp. 11-35.

Hyden, Gorgers, Robert W. Kates, and B. L Turner IL 1993. "Beyond Intensification" In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp. 401-439

Ibrahim Fouad N. 1987. "Ecology and Land Use Changes in the Semiarid Zone of the Sudan" In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 213-229.

Immers, Ben H. Ernst J Malipaard and Michel J H Oldenhof 1989. "Rural Transport in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Western Province, Zambia GAD—German Appropriate Technology Exchange, No. 1/89 pp. 7-11. Deutsches Zentrum fur Entwicldungstechnologien, Eschborn, Germany

Independent Commission on Internatiorial Humanitarian Lssue (ICE). 1985. Famine A ManMade Disaster? A Report for the Independent Commission International Humanita Issues. Pan Books London and Sidney.

Inter-African Medicinal Plants and African Tropical Medicine and Scientific, Technical and Research Commision of THE Ordanization of African Unity 1985 African (Vol. I) OAU STRC Scientific Publication No. 2 Lagos, Nigeria

International Center for Research on Women (lCRW). 1989 Women Health Research Priorities for Women in Developing Countries ICRW, Washington, D.C

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 1991. IFPRI Report 1990. Washington, D.C

International Labour Office (ILO) 1989 Women and Land Report on the Regional African Workshop on Women's Access to Land as a Strategy for Employment Promotion, Poverty Alleviation and Household Food Security organized by the International Lobour Office in Collaborations with the University of Zirnbabwe, in Harare, Zimbabwe from 17 to 21 October 1988 Programme on Rural Women, Rural Employment Policies Branch Iternational Labour Office, Geneva

International Price for National Research (ISNAR) and Special Program for African Agriacultural Research (SPAAR). 1987 Guidelines for Strengthhering National Agncultural Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Washington, D.C

Jakai, L. E N. A. R Panniozzi G. G Kundu and K P Srivastava 1990 "Insect Pests of Soybeans in the Tropics." In S. R Singh 1990 pp. 91-186

Jackson, Cecile 1985 The Kano River Irrigation Project The Population Council Press, West Hartford, Conn USA

Jaeger, William K. 1992 The Effects of Economic Policies on African Agriculture World Bank Discussion Paper No 10, African Technical Department Series World Bank, Washington, D C

Jaffee, Steven, and Jitendra Srivastava 1992Seed System Development The Appropiate Roles of the Private and Public Sectors. World Bank Discussion Paper No 167 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Jagannathan, Vijay. 1989 Poverty, Public Polices and the Environmental Environment Department Working Paper No. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Jahnke, Hans Dieter Kirschke and Johannes Lagemann 1987. The Impact of Agricultural Research Tropical Africa Study of the ColIaboration between the International and National Research Systems. Consultative Group on Interntional Agricultural CGIAR Study Paper No 21 World Bank, Washington D.C.

Jansen, Dorm 1988 Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Zambia World Bank Comparative Studies: The Political Economy of Agricultural Pricing Policy World Bank, Washington, D.C

Jayne, Thomas S. john C Day, and Harold E. Dregne 1989. Technology and Agricultural Productivity in the Sahel USDA, Economic Research Service Agricultural Economic Report No. 612 U.P. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C

Jiggins, Janice 1986 Gender Related Impacts and the Work of the International Agricultural Research Centers Consultative group on International Agricultural Research, CGIAR Study Paper No 17. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Jodha, N. S. 1992 Common Property Resources :A Missing Dimension of Development
Strategies. World Bank Discusion Paper No 169. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Joekes, Susan 1989 "Women's Programmes and the Environment." Populi, Journal of the United Nations Population Fund, 16(3):4 12. ores, Christine W. 1986 "Intra Household Bargaining in Response to the Introduction of New Crops: A Case Study from North Cameroon." In Moock 1485, pp 105-123

Jones,William L, and Roberto Egli. 1984 Farming Systemss in African: The Greaat Lakes Zaire Rwanda, and Burundi World Bank Technical Paper No. 27. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Kaira, Charles K. 1982 "A Field Survey of Transportation Requirements for Subsistence Fanners of Mwea Divison Kirinyaga" Institute for Development Studies, Nairobi James. Kauli "NGO Devolvemen in Agricultural Activities in Machakos Distinc in Wellard and Copestake 1993 0PP. 111-11

Kamarck Andrew M. 1976. The Tropics and Economic Development: A Provocative lnquiry into the Poverty of Nation Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London Kandiyoti Deniz 1985 Women in Rural ProductionSystems:Problems and Policies.UNESCO, Paris

Kasfir, Nelson 1993. "Agricultural Transformation in the Robusta Coffee Zone of Bushing Uganda " In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993 pp. 41-79 Kassogue Armand with Jean Dolo and Tom Ponsioen 1990. Traditional Soil and Water Conservation on the Dogon Plateau Mali International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), Dyland Networks Prograrme, Issues Paper No 23. IIED, London Kellesr, Allen C, and Charles E Hobby 1990. Kenya at the Demographic Turning Point ?

Hypotheses and a Proposed Research Agenda. World Bank Discussion Paper No 107. World Bank Washington D. Kennedy, Eileen T., and Bruce Cogill 1987. Income and Nutritional Effects of the Commercial of Agriculture in Southwest Kenya Research Report 63. InternationaI Food Policy Research Institute Washington, D.C

Kenya, Republic of. 1980 The lntegrated Rural Surveys 1976-78 Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, Kenya King Elizabeth M, and M. Anne Hill (eds). 1991 Women's Education in Developing Countries: garners, Benefits and Policy Phree Background Paper /91/40, Population and Human Resource Department. World Bank Washington, D.C.

Kenya, Republic of, and M. Anne Hill (eds). 1993. Women's Education m Developing Countries. Barriers, Benefits, and Policies. Published for the World Bank The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London

Kiss, Agnes, and Frans Meerman. 1991. Integrated Pest Management and African Agriculture World Bank Technical Paper No. 142, Africa Technical Departments Serices World Bank, Washington, D.C. Knudsen, Odin, John Rash with contributions by James Brovard, Bruce Gardner, and

Alan Winters. 1990 Redefining the Role of Government in Agriculture for the 1990 World Bank Discussion Paper No. 105. World Bank Washington, D C

Kocher, James E 1973. Rural Development, Income Distribution and Fertility.The Population Council, New York olbilla, Dan, and Kate Wellard 1993. "Langbesi AGRICULTURAL Seasons Exeriences in ricultural Research" In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 2012-209.Kreirn Alcira, and Mohan Munasinghe (eds). 1991 Mananging Natural Disasters and the Environment Selected the Colloquium on the Environment and Natural Disaster

Management Sponsored by the World Bank June 27-28, 1990, Washington D.C Environment
Department World Bank, Washington, D.C Rattan, and Bede Okigbo. 1990.Assessment of Soil; Degradation in the South States

Nigeria Environmant Department Working Paper No. 39. World Bank, Washington D C Lanly Jean Paul. 1982 Tropical Forest Resources. FAO Forestry Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pome

Ladipo, Patricia 1987. Women in a Maize Storage Co-operative in Nigeria Family Planning, Credit and Technological Change " In Oppong 1987, pp. 101-117.

Leach, and Robin Robin 1988. Beyond the Woodfuel Crisis: People, People and Trees in Africa Earthscan Publications, London

Leach, Melisa 1991. "Engendered Environments: Understanding Resource Management in the West African Forest Zone." IDS 17-24.

Ledec, George, and Robert Goodland. 1988. Wildlands lands: Proection Protection and Economic Management m Economy Development World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Lee, Ronald D. and Timothy Milleer 1990. "Population Growth, Externalities to Chidbearing, and Fertility Policy in the Third World." In Stanley Fisher, Dennis de Tray and Shaker Shah, eds., Proceedings the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economic 1990. Supplement to The World Bank Economic Review and The World Bank Research Observer World Bank, Washington, D.C. pp. 275-304.

Lele, Uma. 1986. "Women and Structural Transformation." Economic Deuelopment and Cultural Change 34(2):195;121.

Lele, Uma. 1989a. Agricultural Growth, Domestic Policies, the External Enuironment, and Assistence to Africa: lessons of a Quarter Century. MADIA Discussion Paper 1 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Lele, Uma.1989b. Structural Adjustment Agricultural Development and the Poor Lessons from the Mulawinan Experience: MADIA Discussion Paper 9. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Lele, Uma(ed). 1989c Managing Agricultural Development in Africa: Three Articles on Lessons from Experience MADIA Discussion Paper 2 World Bank, Washington, D C

Lele, Uma(ed), and Manmohan Agarwal 1989. Smallholder and Large Scale Agriculture in Africa: Are There Tradeoffs Between Growth and Equmy ?' 7 MADIA Disscusion Papaer 6. World Bank Washington, D.C.

Lele, Uma and Robert E Chrisdansen 1989 Markets, Marketing Boards, and Cooperatives in Africa: issues in Adjustmerrt Policy. MADIA Discussion Paper 11. World Bank Washington, DC

Lele, Uma, and L. Richard Meyers 1989 Growth and Structural Change in East Africa Domestic Policies, Agricultural Perform and World Bank Assistance, I963-86, Parts and IL MADLIA Discussion Paper 3. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Lele, Urna, and Steven W. Stone. 1989. Population Pressure, the Enovironmentan AgricuIture Intensification Valuations on the Boserup Hypothesis. Madia Discusion Paper 4 World Bank, Washington D.C

Lele, Uma, Robert E Christy Kundhavi Kadiresan 1989 Fertilizer Policy in Africa Lesson frorn Development Programs and Adjustment Leadind 1970-87. MADIA Discussion Paper 5. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Lemma, Aklilu, and Pentti Malasaka (eds.) 1989 Africa Beyond FAmine A Report to the Club of Rome Tycooly, London and New York

LeMoigne, Guy, Shawki Barghouti, Gershwin Feder, Lisa Garbus and Mel Xie (eds.). 199

Country Experiences with Water Resource Marnagement Economic, Institutional, Technological and EnvironmentaI Issues. World Bank Technical Paper No. 175. World Bank, Washihngton D.C.

Leonard, Jeffery and contributors 1989. Environment and the Poor Development Strategies for a Common Agenda US. Third World Policy Perspectives, No. 11 Overseas Development Council Transaction Books, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Leridon, Henri, and Benoit Ferry.1985. Biological and Traditional Restraints on Fertility. Cleland and Hobcraft 1985 pp. 139-164.

Leslie and Michael Paolisso (eds). 1989 Women Work, and Child Welfare m the Third World. Selected Symposium 110. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado

Lewis, Barbara. 1982 "Fertylity and Employment An Assessment of Role Incompatibility among African Urban Women" In Bay 1982, pp 249-276

Levinson 1991. Addressing Malnutrition in Africa Low Cost Program Possibility for Governement Agencies and Donors. Social Dimensioons of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa, SDA Working Paper No. 13, Africa Technical Department; World Bank, Washington, D.C

Liebenow,J. Gum 1987. ''Food Self-Suffiency in Malam :Are Successe; Transferable?" In Glantz 1987, pp. 369-392

Lifton, Grey. 1991 "Social Soundness and WID Analyze, for USAID Legal Reform Project Paper" Paper prepared for USAID/Bissau, Guinea Bissam

Lightbourne, R. E. 1985. "Individual Preferences and Fertility Behaviour." In Cleland and Hobcraft 1965, pp. 165-198.

Lipton, Michael, and Carol Heald. 1984. African Food Strategies and the EEC's Rote: An Interim Review." IDS Commission Study No. 6. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium, and Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, U.K.

Lipton, Michael, and Richard Longhurst Hurst. 1985. Modern Variriete' International Agricultural Research, and the Poor. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, CGIAR Study Paper No. 2 World Bank, Washington, U.C.

Lisk, Franklyn, and Yvette Stevens. 1987. "Governrnent Policy and Rural Women's Work in Sierra Leone." In Oppong 1987, pp. 187-202

Little, Peter D. 1987. "Land Use Conflicts in the Agricultural/Pastoral Borderlands: The Case of Kenya." In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 195-212

Little, Peter D, and Michael M. Horowitz (eds.). 1987. Lands at Risk in the Third World. Local-Level Perspectives Westview Press, Boulder and London.

Lofchie, Michael F. 1987. "The Decline of African Agriculture: An Internalist Perspective." In Glantz 1987, pp. 85-109.

Loose, E. 1979. "Women in Rural Senegal: Some Economic and Social Observations." Paper presented at the Workshop on Sahelian Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indina, USA, February 1979.

Low, Allam 1986. On-Farm Research and Household Economics." In Moock 1986, pp. 71-91.

Ludwig; Heinz-Dieter. 1968. " Perrnanent Farming on Ukara: The Impact of Land Shortage on Husbandry Practices." In Hans Ruthenberg, ed. Smallholder Fanning and Smallholder Development in Tanzania. Afrika-Studien, No. 24. Weltforum, Munch, pp. 87-135.

Lundgren, Lill. 1992. "The Kenyan National Soil Conservation Project: An Example of an Integrated Natural Resources Management Project.' In World Bank 1992a, pp. 67-92.

Lusigi, Walter (ed.). 1992. Managing Protected Areas in Africa. Report from a Workshop on Protected Area Management in Africa, Mweka, Tanzania. UNESCO - World Heritage Fund, Paris.

Lutz, Ernst, and Michael Young. TWO. Agricultural Policies in Industrial Countries and Their Environmental Impacts: Applicability to and Comparisons with Developing Nations. Environment Department Woriking Paper No 25. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Mauthai, Wangan. 1988. The Green Belt Movement: staring the Approach and the Experience. Environment Liaison Centre International, Nairobi.

MAbbut, J A, and C. Floret (eds.). 1980. Case Studies on Desertification Unesco, Paris.

Mabogunje, Akin L 1992. Perspective on Urban Land and Urban Management Polices in Sub-Saharan ran Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 196 Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

MacGarry, Brian 1993. "Silveira House Promoting the Use of Hybrid Seed (1968 83)." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 50 66

Mackenzie, Flora. l992 "Development from Within? The Struggle to Survive." In Taylor and Mackerwie 1992, pp. 1-32.

MacNeill, Jim, Pieter Wirsemius, Taizo Yakushiji 1991 Beyond Interdependence The World's Economy and the Earth's Ecology. A Trilateral Commission Book Oxford University Press, New York

Magrath, William 1989. The Change of the Commons: The Allocation of Nonexclusive Resources. Environment Department Working Paper No. 14 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Magrath, William 1989, and Peter Arens. 1989. The Costs of Soil Erosion on Java A Natural Reaource Approach Environment Department Working Paper No. 18. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Mahar, Dennis J. (ed.). 1985. Rapid Population Growth and Human Carrying Capacity: Two Perspectives World Bank Staff Working Paper No 690 Population and Development Series No. 15. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Maine, Deborah, Regina. McNamara, Joe Wray, Abdul-Aziz Farah, and Marylin Wallace. 1990. "Effects of Fertility Change on Maternal and Child Survival." In Acsadi, Johnson Anadi, Bulatao 1990, pp. 91-104

Makinwa, Paulina Kofoworola. 1981. Internal Migration and Rural Deaelopment in Nigeria: Lessons From Bendel State Heinemann Educational Books (Nig.) Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria.

Mannathoko, Bob. 1992. "People's Participation in Natural Resources Management: Some Examples from Botswana." In World Bank 1992a, pp. 135-142.

Manuh, Takyiwaa. 1952 "Survival in Rural Africa: The Salt Co-operatives in Ada District, Ghana." In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 102-124.

Marek, Tonia. 1992. Eroding Malnutrition: Why Increasing Income Is Not Enought Technical Working Paper No. 5, Population and Health Division, Africa Technical Department. World Bank, Washington, D C.

Marenha, Comba. 1985. "Producing Food: The Gambian Women's Burden " In Environmental Liaison Center, Women and the Environmental Crisis. Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women, Environment and Development, Nairobi, 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi; pp. 55-57.

Marks, Stuart A 1991 "Some Reflections on Participation and Co-management from Zambia's Central Luangwa Valley." In West and Brechin 1991, pp. 346-358.

Martin, Susan. 1993. "From Agricultural Growth to Stagnation: The Case of the NGWA Nigeria, 1900 1980." In Turner, Hyden, and kATES 1993, pp 302-373.

Mathews, Jessica T. 1988. "Africa: Continent in Crisis" (Romeo.). World Resources Instute, Washington, D.C.

Matlon, Peter J. 1990. " Improving Productivity in Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Semi-Arid Africa. Food Research Institute Studies XXII(1):-43. Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Matlon, Peter J.1991. "Farmer Risk Management Strategies: The Case of the West African Semi Arid Tropics." In Holden, Hazell, and Pritchard 1991, pp. 51-79.

Mauldin, W. Parker, and Sheldon J. Segal. 1988 "Prevalence of Contraceptive Use: Trends and Issues." Studies in Family Planning 19(6):335-353.

Mauldin, W. Parker, and John A. Ross. 1991. "Family Planning Programs: Efforts and Results, 1982-1989." Studies in Family Planning 22(6):350-367.

Mbilinyi,Marjorie J. 1971."The Participation of Women in African Economies." ERB Paper 71.12. Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Sallaam, Tanzania

McCann, James. 1987. "The Social Impact of Drought in Ethiopia: Oxen, Households, and Some Implications for Rehabilitation." In Glantz 1987, pp. 245-267

McCay, Borulie J., and James M. Acheson (eds ). 1987. The Question of the Commons. Tire Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources University of Arizona Press,Tucson,Arizona

McDonald, Peter 1985. "Social Organization and Nuptiality in Developing Societies '' In Cleland and Hobcraft 1985, pp. 87-114.

McGuire, Judith S., and Barry M. Popkin. 1990. Helping Women Improve Nutrition in tire Developing World: Beatirrg the Zero Sum Game. World Bank Technical Paper No. 114 World Hank, Washington, D C

McIntyre, John 1991. "Managing Risk in African Pastoralisrn " In Holden, Farrell, and Pritchard 1991, pp. 129-142.

Mc Loughlin, Peter F. M. (ed.). 1970. African Food Production Systerne: Case and Theory. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

McMillan, Della E:. 1987 "The Social Impact of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso In Glantz 1987, pp. 297-322

Thomas Painter, and Thayer Scudder 1992 Settlernent and Development in the Ricer Blindness Control Zone. World Bank Tchnical Paper No. 192, Series on River Blindness Control in West Africa World Bank, Washington, D C.

McNamra, Regina, Therese McGinn, Donald Lauro and John Ross. 1992 Family Planning Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies from Ghana, Rwanda, and the Sudan. Policy Research Working Paper WPS 1004, Population and Human Resources Department. World Bank, Washington, D C

McNicoll, Geoffrey. 1984. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth An Overview. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 691, Population and Development Series No 16 World Bank, Washington, D C

Mellor, John W., and Bruce F. Johnston. 1984. "The World Food Equation" Journal of Economic Literature XXlI(2) ;531-774.

Mellor, John W., Christopher L. Delgado and Malcolm J Blackie (eds.). 1987. Accelerating Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London

Mcyers, Richard L. (ed). 1989. Innovation in Resource Management: Proccedings of the Ninth Agriculture Sector Syrnposium. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Migot-Adholla, Shem, Peter Hazell, Benoit Blarel and Frank Place. 1989. "Land Tenure Security and Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Meyers 1989, pp. 105-119.

Migot-Adholla, Shem, Frank Place, George Benneh and Steven Atsu. 1990. "Land Use Rights and Agricultural Productivity of Ghanaian Farrncrs" (Draft). Agriculture Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Migot-Adholla, Shem, Pe ter Hazell, Benoit Blarel, and Frank Place. 1991 . " Indigenous Land Right; Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constraint on Productivity?" The World Bank Economic Review 5(1):155-175.

Mitchell, Donald O. and Merlinda D. Ingco. 1993. The World Food Outlook´. International Economics Department World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Molanar, Augusta. 1989. Cornmunity Forestry: Rapid Appraisal Food and Agriculture Orgniization of the United Nations, Rome

Molanar, Augusta, and Gotz Schreiber. 1989. Women and Forestry: Operational Issues. PPR Working Paper WPS 184. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Montalernbert, M. R d e, and J Caernent. 1983. Fuelwood Supplies in the Developing Countries tries. FAO Farestry Paper No 42 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Montgomery, Mark R, and Edward K. Brown. 1990 "Accommodating Urban Growth in SubSaharan Africa." In Acsadi, Johns Acsadi Bulatao 1990, pp. 74 88.

Moock, Joyce Lewinger (ed.). 1986. Liaderstanding Africa's Rural Hoaseholds and Farming systems. Westview Special Studies on Africa. Westview Boulder, Colorado.

Moris, Jhon. 1991. Extension 1991 Alternatives in Tropical Africa. Agricultural Administration Unit, Occasional Paper 7 Overseas Development Institute London.

Mortimore, Michael 1989 Adopting to Drought Farmers, Famines and Desert in West Afirica Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England

Mortimore, Michael. 1989b. The Causes, Nature and Rate of Soil Degradation in the Northem most states of Nigeria and an Assesment of the Role of Fertilizer in Counteracting the Process of Degradation. Environment Department Working Paper No. 17. World Bank Washington, D.C

Mortimore, Michael 1953 "The Intensification of Peri-Urban Agriculture: The Kano Gose Settled Zone, 19641986." In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp. 358-400.

Enumanuel A. Olofin, Riginand A Cline-Cole, Ahrnadu Abdulkadir (eds) 1987. Perspectives on Land Administrution on Development in Northern Nigeria. Proceedings of the Workshop on Land Resources, Kano, September 25 28,1986. Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

Enumanuel A. Olofin, Riginand A Cline-Cole, Ahrnadu Abdulkadir, and athers 1990. "The Nature, Rate and Effective Limits of Intensification in the Small Holder Farming System of the Kano Close - Seetled Zone " Study for the Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit, Government of Nigeria. I Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Moser, Caroline. 1986 "Women's Needs in the Urban System: Training Strategies in Gender Aware Planning."ln Judith Bruce and Marilyn Kohn, eds. ,Learning about Women and Urban Services in Latin America and the Caribbean (A Report on the Women, Law Income Households and Urban Services Project of the population Council ). The Population Council, New York, pp. 40-61.

Mtoi, Manasse Timmy 1988. "Institutional and Policy Parameters Affecting Gonder Issues in Farming Systems Research in Tanzania" In Poats, Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 345-359.

Mueller Eva. 1982 the Allocation of Women's Time and Its Relation to Fertility. In Anker, Buvunic and Youssef 1982, pp 55 &6.

Munasinghe, Mohan, and Michael Wells 1992 "Protection of Natural Habitats and Sustainable Development of Local Communities." In Cleaver et al. 1992 pp. 161-168.

Munasinghe, Mohan, and Ernst Lutz 1993. "Environmental Economics and Valuation in Development Decisionrnaking " In Munasinghe 1993, pp. 17-77

Munasinghe, Mohan the 1993. Environrnental Economics and Natural Resource managernent in Developing Countries. (Compiled by Adelaida Schwab.) Committee of International Development Institutions on the Environment (CIDE) Distributed for CIDE by the World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Mungala, Patrick M. 1993. "Government Experiences of Collaboration with NGOs in Rural Afforestation." In Wellard and Copestak pp. 136-144.

Mungate, David 1993. "Government Experience of Collaboration with NGOs in Agricultural Research and Extension." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 26-37.

Muntemba, Shimwaayi (ed.). 1985. Rural Development and Women: Lessons from the Field. 2 vols. International Labour Office, Geneva.

Murdoch, William W. 1986. The Poverty of Nations The Political Economy of Hunger and Population. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.

Murdock, George P., and Canterina Provost. 1973. "Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross Cultural Analysis." Etymology 12.20-225. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Murphy, Josette. 1989. Women and Agriculture in Africa: A Guide to Bank Policy and Programs for Operations Staff Africa Technical Department, Agriculture Division. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Mvududu Sara. 1993. "Forestry Commission Links with NGOs in Rural Afforestntinn." In Warlord and Copestake 1993, pp. 38-49.

Myers, Norman. 1987. "The Environmental Basis of Sustainable Development. "The Annals of Regional Science, Special Edition: Environmental Management and Economic Development XXI(3)33-43. Western Washington University, Bellingham Wash, USA

Myers, Norman. 1988. Natural Resource Systems and Human Exploitation Systems: Physiobiotic and Ecological Iinkages. Environment apartment Working Paper No. 12 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Myers, Norman. 1989. "Population Growth, Environmental [Decline and Security Issues in Sub Saharan Africa." In Hjort af Ornas and Salih 1989, pp. 211-231.

Myers, Norman. 1992. "Population/Environment Linkages: Discontinuities Ahead." Ambio 21(1):116118. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.

Nair, P. K R 1990. The Prospects for Agroforestry in the Tropics World Bank Technical Paper No. 131. World Bank, Washington, D.C

National Research Council. 1993. Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C

Ndaro, Japheth M. 1992. "Local Coping Strategies in Dodoma District, Tanzania " In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 170-196.

Ndiweni, Mpuliso. 1993. " The Organization of Rural Associations for Progress and Grassroots Development." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 77-84

Nelson, Ridley. 1988. Dryland Management: The "Desertification Problem. Environment Department Working Paper No. 8. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Nekby, Bengt A 1990. "Sub-Saharan Africa—Dryland Management The Search for Sustainable Development Options" (mimed.). Africa Technical Department, Environment Division. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Nekby, Bengt A. 1992 "Technology Generation." In World Bank 1992a, pp. 185 -189.

Netting, Robert McC 1993. Small holders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Glenn Dasis Stone, and M Priscilla Stone. 1993. "Agricultural Expansion among the Kofvar,Jos Plateau, Nigeria." In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp 206-249.

Newcornbe, Kenned. 1989. "An Economic Justification for Rural Afforestation: The Case of Ethiopia." In Schramm and Warford 1989 pp 117-138.

Newman, Kate. 1992 "Forest People and People in the Forest Investing in Local Cornrnunity Development " In Cleaver et al. 1992 pp. 229-232

Nicholson, Sharon E. 1989. "Long-Term Changes in African Rain fall Weather 44:46-56.

Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team (RESIN). 1993. Nigeria's Threatened A National Profile. Ibadan, Nigeria.

Nijkarnp, Peter, Jerked CJM. van den Bergh and Frits J. Sortman 1991 "Regional Sustainable Developrnent and Natural Resource Use. In Stanley Fisher, Dennis de Tray and Shekar Shah, eds, Proceedings of "The World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, Supplement to The World Bank" Economic Review and The World Bank Reseach Observer, Washington, D .C.; pp. 1 153-188.

Nkhoma-Wamunza, Alice 1992 "The Informal Sector A Strategy for Survival in Taruania." In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 197-213.

Norem, Sandra Russo, Mane Sambou and Melanie Marlett. 1988. "The Women's Program of the Gambian Mixed Farming Project." In Poats, Schmink and Sprint, 1988, pp. 303-313.

Noronha, Raymond. 1985. "A Review of the Literature on Land Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa." Discussion Paper ARU 43, Agriculture and Rural Development Department. World Bank, Washimgton, D.C.

Norse, David, and Reshma Saigal. 1993 "National Economic Cost of Soil Erosion in Zimbabwe." In Munasinghe 1993,pp.229-240.

Ntshalinsthali, Concelia, and Carmelita McClure 1991. "Resident Peoples and Swaziland's Malolotia National Park: A Success Story." In West and Brechin 1991 pp. 61-67.

Nyerges, A. Endre 1987 "The Development Potential of the Guinea Savanna: Social and Ecological Constraints in the West African 'Middle Belt." In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 316-336

Nyoni, Sithernbiso. 1985. "Africa's Food Crisis: Price of ignoring Village Women?" In Environmentall Liaison Center, Women and the Environmental Crisis. Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women men, Environment and Development, Nairobi, 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi; pp. 53-55

Odhiarnho, Thomas R 1989. "Visions for IPM in Africa." In Ole Zethner' cd, Pa;! Management and the African Farmer. Proceedings of an ICIPE/'World Bank Conference on Integrated Pest Management in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, May 22-26,1989 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, WIPE Science Press, Nairobi; pp. 137-142

Odhiarnho, Thomas R. 1991 Managing Drought and Locust Invasions in African In Kreirner and Munasinghe 1991, pp. 77-81.

Ofomata, Godfrey Ezediaso Kingsley. 1987. Soil Erosion in Nigeria: The Views of a University of Nigeria Inaugural Lecture Series No. 7 University of Nigeria Press, Nsukka, Nigeria

Okafor, Francis C. 1993. "Agricultural Stagnation and Economic Diversification: Awlanewi Region, Nigeria 1930-1980." In Turner, Hyden, and Kates 1993, pp. 324-357.

Okali, C, and J E. Sumberg 1986 "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria" In Moock 1986, pp. 166 181.

Okoth-Ogendo, H W.O, and John O. Oucho 1993 "Population Grow and Agricultural Change in Kisii District, Kenya: A Sustained Symbiosis'' In Tuner, Hyden, and Kates 1993 pp. 187—205.

Oldman, L R. V W. P. van Engelen, and J. H. M. Pulles 1990. "The Extent of Human-Induced Soil Degradation" In L R Oldeman, R T. A. Hakkeling, and W. G. Sornbroek, World Map of The Status of Human-lndilced Sod Degradation An Explanatory Note. 2nd revied edition. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Olson, Jennifer Maria. 1990. "The Impact of Changing Socioeconomic Factors on Migration Patterns in Rwanda" (MA thesis). Department of Geography, Michigan State University Ann Arbor, Michigan

Omari C K 1990 "Traditional African Land Ethics." In J. Ronald Engel and Joan Gibb Engel, eds, Ethics of Environrnentanl Development: Global Challenge, International Response. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona; pp 167-175

Omo-Fadaka, Jimoh 1990. Communalism: The Factor in African Development " In Engel and Engel 1990, pp. 176-182.

Ondiege, Pete O. 1997 "Local Coping Strategies in Machakos District, Kenya." In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 125 147.

Openshaw, Keith, and Charles Feinstein 1989a Fuelwood Shumpage: Considerations for DeveIoping Country Energy Planning. Industry and Energy Department Working Paper, Energy Series Paper No. 16. World Bank, Washington D.C

Openshaw, Keith, and Charles Feinstein. 1989b. Fuelwood Stumpage: Financing Renegade Energy for the World's Other Half PPR Working Paper WPS 270, Industry and Energy Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Opole, Monies 1985. " With Culture in Mind: Improved Cookstoves and Kenyan Women " In Environmental Liaison Center, Women and the Enironmental Crisis. Report of the Proceedings of the Workshops on Women, Environment and Development, Nairobi, 10-20 July 1985. Environmental Liaison Center, Nairobi; pp. 33-34.

Oppong, 1982. "Family Structure and Women's Reproductivee and Productive Roles Some Conceptual and Methodological issues." In Anker, Buvinic and Youssef 1982, pp. 133-150.

Oppong,(ed.). 1987. Sex Roles, Population and Development in West Africa: Policy-Related Stuidies on World and Dernographic Issue. International Labour Office. Heinemann, Portsmouth, New Hampshire and James Currey, London.

Orubuloye, Oyetunji. 1987. "Values and Costs of Daughters and Sons to Yoruba Mothers and Fathers." In Oppong 1987, pp. 86-90.

Ottenberg, Phoebe V. 1959. '´The Changing Economic Position of Women Among the Afikpo Ibo." In Bascom and Herskovits 1959, pp. 205-223.

Ottenberg, Sinmon 1959. "Ibo Receptivity to Change." In Bascom and Herskovits 1959, pp. 130143.

Over, Mead. 1992 The Macroeconomic Impact of AIDS: Sub-Saharan Africa. Technical Working Paper No. 3, Population, Health and Nutrition Division, Africa Technical Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Owens, Solomon. 1993. "Catholic Relief Services in lithe Gambia: Evolution from Agricultural Research to Cornrnunity - Based Experimentation." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 239250.

Painter, Thornas M. 1987. "Bringing Land Back in: Changing Strategies to Improve Agricultural Production in the West African Sahel." In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 144-163.

Painter, Thornas M.1991. "Approaches to Irnproving Natural Resourcesc for Agriculture in Sahelian West Africa: A Enciolopedical Analysis of the Amenagement/Gestion des Terrairs Villageois' Approach and its Implications for Non-Government Organizations." CARE Agriculture and Natural Resources Techntical Report Series No. 3 CARE' New York.

Palmer, Ingrid. 1985a. The Impact of Agrarian Reform on Women. The Population Council. kumarian Press, West Hartford, Conn, USA.

Palmer, Ingrid. 1985b. The Impact of Out-Migration on Women in Farming. The Population Council Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Conn., USA.

Palo, Maati, and Jyrki Salmi (eds). 1987 Defiorestation or Development in the Third World? Volume I. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki.

Panayotou, Theodore, and Peter S. Ashton. 1992 Not By Timber AIone: Econorn and Ecology for Sustaining Tropical Forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Panin, Anthony. 198& Hoc and Bullock Farming Systems in Northerm Girana: A Comparative Analysis Nyankpala Agricultural Research Report 1/1988. TRIOPS Tropical Scientific Books, Langen, Gerrnany.

Pankburst, Donna, and Susie Jacobs. 1988. "Land Tenure, Gender Relations, and Agricultural Production: The Case of Zimbabwe's Peasantry. In Davison 1988c, pp 202-237.

Paolisso, Michael, Michael Baksh and J. Conley Thomas. 1989. "Women's Agricultural Work, Chield Care, and Infant Diarrhea in Rural Kenya." In Leslie and Paolisso 1989, pp. 217-236.

Pearce, David W. and Anil Markandya. 1987 "Marginal Opportunity Cost as a Plannnig Concept in Natural Resource Managements The Annals of Regional Science, Special Edition Environrnental Management and Economic Development XXI (3):18-32 Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash, USA

Pearch, David W., Edward B. Barbier, Anil Markandya. 1988. Environmental Economics and Decision-Making in Sub-Saharan Africa. IIED/UCL London Environmental Economics Centre, LEEC Paper 88 01. International Institute for Environment and Development/University College, London.

Peters, Pauline E. 1986 "Household Management in Botswana: Cattle, Mops, and Wage Labor " In Moock 1986, pp 133-154.

Peters, Pauline E. 1987. "Embedded Systems and Rooted Models: The Grazing Lands of Botswana and the Commons Debate " In McCay and Acheson 1987, pp 171-194

Peterson, Richard E}. 1992 "Kutafuta Maisha: Searching for Life on Zaire's Ituri Forest Frontier." In Cleaver e! al. 1992, pp 193-201

Pezzey, John. 1989. Economic Analysis of Sustainable Growth and Sustainable Developrrtent. Environment Department Working Paper No 15 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot and Hans Binswanger. 1987. Agricultural Mechanization and tire Evolution of RFarming Systems in Sub Saharan Africa. World Bank, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

Pittin, Rente. 1987. "Documentation of Women's Work in Nigeria: Problems and Solutions." In Oppong 1987, pp. 25-44.

Platteau, J.-Ph 1992. Formalization and Privotization of Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critique of Current Orthodoxies and Structural Adjustrnent Prograrrrnes. Development Economics Research Programme Discussion Paper DEP,/34. London School of Economics, London.

Poats, Susan V. 1990. "Gender Issues in the CGIAR System: Lessons and Strategies from Within." Paper prepared for the 1990 CGiAR Mid-Term Meeting, The Hague, 21-25 May, 1990. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring (eds.). 1988 Gender issues in Farming Systems Research and Extension. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Poore, Duncan, Pete Burgess, John Pa Imer, Simon Rietbe and Timothy Synnott. 1989. No Timber Withput Trees Sustainability in the Tropical Forest. A Study for IITO Earth ~can Publications, London.

Pottier, Johan P. 1986. "The Politics of Famine Prevention: Ecology, Regional Production and Food Complernentarity in Western Rwanda." African Affairs, Journal of the Royal African Society, 85(339):207-237.

Prah, Kwesi K 1989. "Land Degradation and Class Struggle in Rural Lesotho." In Hiort af Ornas and Salih 1989, pp. 117-129.

Preston, Samuel H. 1985 "Mortality in Childhood: Lessons from WFS." In Cleland and Hobcraft 1985, pp. 253-272.

Raintree, John B. (ed.). 1987. Land, Trees, and Tenure. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tenure Issues in Agroforestry, Nairobi, May 27-31,1985, Sponsored by the Ford Foundation. International Council for Research on Agroforestry, Nairobi, and Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Rasntusson, Eugene M. 1987. "Global Climate Change and Variability Effect" on Drought and Desertification in African In Glantz 1987, pp. 3-22

Rearclon,Thomas, Peter Matlon and Christopher Delgado. 1988. "Coping with Household Level Food Insecurity in Drought-Affected Areas of Burkina Faso." World Development 16(9):10651074.

Redclift, Michael. 1987 Sustainable Developrnent: Exploring the Contradictions. Methuen, London and New York.

Reij, Chris. 1988. The Present State of Soil and Water onseevstion in the Sahel. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developrnent/Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel/Uub du Sachel, SAHEL D(89)329. OECD, Paris.

Reij, Chris . 1990 Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa: An Assessment of Current Knowledge. Paper Presented to the Workshop on Conservation in Africa: Indigenous Knowledge and Conservation Strategies, Harare, Zimbabue, 2-7 December 1990. Social Science Research Council/American Council of Learmed Societies The Joint Committee on African Studies. Center for Development Cooperation Services, Free University, Amsterdam

Stephen Turnerand Tom Kuhlman. 1986. Soil and Water Conservation in Sub ran Africa: issues and Options. Centre for Development Cooperation Service, Free University, Amsterdam, and International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome.

Paul Mulder, and Louis Begemann. 1988. Water Haroestrng for Plant Production.

World Bank Technical Paper No 91. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Repetto, Robert 1986. World Enough and Time: Successful Strategies for Resource Management. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., USA.

Repetto, Robert.1987. "Economic Incentives for Sustainable Production." The Annals of Regional Science, Special Edition: Environmental Management and Economic Development XXI (3):4459 Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash., USA.

Repetto, Robert.1988a The Forest for the Trees? Gouernment Policiesand the Misuse of Forest Resources. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

Repetto, Robert.1988b. Economic Policy Reform for Natural Resource Conservation. Environment Department Working Paper No. 4. World Bank Washington, D.C.

Repetto, Robert.1989. Population, Reources Environment: An Uncertain Future. Population Bulletin 42(2), April 1989 Reprint. Population Reference Bureau, Inc., Washington, D.C. (ed.) 1985. The Global Possible: Resources, Development and the New Century. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Repetto, Robert, and Thomas Holmes. 1983. "The Role of Population in Resource Depletion in Developing Countries." Population and Development Review 9(4):609-32.

Repetto, Robert, and John Pezzey. 1990. "The Economics of Sustainable Development." Overview Paper Prepared for the UNECE/USEPA Workshop on the Economics of Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C., January 23 26,1990. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

Richards, Paul. 1983. Ecological Change and the Politics of African Land Use. The African Studies Review 26(2):1-72

Richards, Paul. 1985. ludigenous Agricultural Revolution Ecology and Food Production in West Africa. Hutchinson, London and Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Richards, Paul. 1991. "Experirnentiny Farmers and Agricultural Research." In Haswell and Hunt 1991, pp. 11-21. Riverson, John D. N., and Steve Grapetis. 1991. Intermediate Means of Transport in Sub Saharan Africa: The Potential for lmproving Rural Travel and Transport .World Bank Technical Paper No. 161, Africa Technical Department Series. World Hank, Washington, D.C

Riverson,John D. N., Juan Gaviria,and Sydney Thriscutt 1991. Rural Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa Lessons from World Bank Experience. World Bank Technical Paper No. 141, Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank' Washington, D.C.

Rodda, Annabel (ed.). 1991. Women and the Environment Joint UNAGO Group on Women and Development, United Nations Non-Governamental Liaison Service Zed Books, London and Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey.

Rose, Laurel. 1988 "A Woman is Like a Field: Women's Strategies for Land Access in Swaziland." In Davison 1988c, pp. 177-201.

Ross, John .A. Majorie Rich, Janet P. Mown and Michael Pensak 1988. Family Panning and Child Survival: 100 Developing Countries. Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, New York

Runge-Metzger, Artur. 1988. Variability in Agronomic practices and Allocative Efficiency Among Farm Households in Northern Ghana A Case Study in On-Farm Research. Nyankpala Agricultural Research Report 2/1988. Josef Margral Scientific Books, Weilcersheim, Gemany.

Russell, Sharon Stanton, Karen Jacobsen, and William Deane Stanley. 1990. International Migration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Vol. I: Overview; Vol II: Country Analyses World Bank Discussion Paper No 101 end Not 102. World Bank,Washington, D.C.

Ruthenberg, Hans 1980 Farming Systems in the Tropics. Third Edition Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.

(Hans E Janice, ed ) 1985 Innovation Policy for Small Farmers in the Tropics The Economics of Technical Innovations for Agricultural Development. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England

Ruttan, Vernon W. 1991. "Constraints on Sustainable Growth in Agricultural Production: Into the 21st Century." In Garbus, Pritchard, and Knudsen 1991, pp. 23-35

Safilios Rothschild, Constantina 1982 "Female Power, Autonomy and Demographic Change in the Third World." In Anker, Buvinic and Youssef 1982, pp. 117-132

Sahn, David E 1990 Malnutrition in Cote d'lvorre: Prevalence and Determinants. Social Dimensions of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa, Working Paper No 4. World Bank, Washington, D C

Sai, Fred T. 1986. "Africa's Parliamentarians and Population" Keynote Speed, at the All-Africa Conference of Parliamentarians and Development, Harare, May 12-16,1986 (mimco.)' Population and Human Resources Department World Bank, Washington, D.C

Sai, Fred T, and K. Newman. 1989. Etlilcal Approaches to Family Planning in Africa. PPR Working Paper WPS 324. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Salem-Murdock, Muneera. 1987. "Rehabilitation Efforts and Household Production Strategies: The New Halfa Agricultural Scheme in Eastern Sudan." In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 337351.

Sanchez, Pedro A. 1991. "Alternatives to Slash and Bum: A Pragmatic Approach to Mitigate Tropical Deforestation" (mimo.). Paper presented at the World Bank Confercnce on "Agricultural Technology for Sustainable Economic Development in the New Century: Policy Issues for the International Community, Washington, D.C., 23 0ctober 1991. Africa Technical Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Sarch, Marie-Therese. 1993. "Case Study of the Farmer Innovation and Technology Testing Programme in The Gambia." In Wellard and Copestake 1993, pp. 225 238.

Savory, Allan. 1988. Holistic Resource Managernent. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Schneider, Bertrand ted.). 1987. Africa Facing its Priorities. Co Operation for Development Series Vol 7. Published for the Club of Rome by Cassell Tycooly, London.

Schneider, Harold K 1959 "Pakot Resistance to Change" In Bascom and Herskovits 1959, pp.144 167.

Schoopf, Brooke Grundfest, and Claude Schoepf. 1988. "Land, Gender and Food Security in Eastern Kivu, Zaire." In Davison 1988c, pp. 106 130.

Schramm, Gunter. 1987. "Managing Urban/Industrial Wood Fuel Supply and [Demand in Africa." The Annals of Regional Science, Special Edition: Environmental Management and Economic Development XXI(3):60 79. Westem Washington University, BelIinghan Wash, USA

Schramm, Gunter, and Jeremy J. Warford (eds.). 1989. Environmental Management and Economic Development. A World Bank Publication Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, Baltimore. Md.

Schultz, T. Paul. 1993. "Returns to Women's Education." In King and Hill 1993, pp. 51-99.

Schwartz, Lisa A., and Jacob Kapen 1992 Agricultural Extension in East Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 164 World Bank, Washington, D.C

Sekler, David. 1987. "Economic Costs and Benefits of Degradation and Its Repair." In Blaikie and Brook field 1987, pp. 84-99.

Sekler, David (ed.). 1993. Agricultural Transformation in Africa. Proceedings of the Seminar on Agricultural Transformation in Africa held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 27-29, l992 Winrock Internatianal Institute for Agricultural Developments, Arlington' ya, USA

Sekler, David, Doug Gollin and Pierre Antoine. 1991. Agricultural Potential of Mid-Africa A Technological Assesment." In Gnaegy and Anderson 1991 pp. 61-103.

Serageldin, ismail. 1991 "Saving Africa's Rain forests. In Cleaver and others. 1992, pp. 337351.

Shaikh, Asif, Eric Arnold, Kjell Cristophersen, Roy Hagen Joseph Tabor, and Peter Wrashall. 1988. Opportunities for Sustained Development: Succesflul Natural Resources Management in the Sahel. Vol I, Main Report; vol. II, Case Descriptions. Energy/Development International for US AID, Washington, D.C

Shanmugaratnam, Nadarajah, Trond Vedeld, Anne Mossige, and Mette Bovin 1992 Resource Management and Pastoral Institution Buildings in the West African Sahel. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 175 Africa Technical Department Series World Bank' Washington, D.C

Sharma, Narendra P. (ed..). 1992 Mananging the World's Forests: Looking for for Balance Between Conservation and Development. Kendall / Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, USA.

Shaw, Paul R. 1989. "Rapid Population Growth and Environmental Degradation: Ultimate Versus Proximate Factors." Environrnental Conservation 16(3):199 208.

Shaxson, T. F.,N. W. Hudson, D W. Sanders, E Roose,and W. C. Moldenhauer. 1989. Land Husbandry: A Framework for Soil and Water Conservation Published in cooperation with the World Association of Soil and Water Conservation. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, Iowa, USA

Simberloff, Daniel. 1986 "Are We on the Verge of a Mass Extinction ire Tropical Rain Forests?" In Elliot 1986, pp. 165-180.

Simpson, Jam es R. and Phylo Evangelou (eds.) . 1984 LIvestock Development in Saran Africa Constraints, Prospects, Policy. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Sigh, Ram D. and Mathew J. Morey. 1987 "The Value of Work-at-Horne and Contributions of Wives Household Service in Polygynous Families: Evidence from an Africa LDC." Economic Development and Cultural Change 35(4):743-765.

Sigh Shiv Raj, L. E. N. Jackai, J H. R. dos Santos and C. B. Adalla. 1990. "Insect Pests of Cowpeas." In S. R. Singh 1990, pp. 43-89.

Singh, Shiv Raj, (ed.). 1990. Inspect Pests of Tropical Food Legumes;. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K

Singh, Sushecla, and John Casterline 1935. "The Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility." In Cleland and Hobcraft 1985, pp. 199-222

Smale, Melinda. 1985. "Forest Product Use in Mauritania's Brakna Region." Women in Forestry Newsletter, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.

Smith, Graham, and Clell Harral. 1987. "Road Deterioration in Developing, Countries: Financial Requiremenis." In National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Road Deterioration in Developing Countries and Lou:-Volume Road Enginering. Transportation Research Record 1128. National Research Council, Washington, D.C.; pp. 28-35.

Smock, David R., and Audrey C. Smock 1972. Cultural and Political Aspects of Rural Transformation. A Case Study of Eastern Nigeria. Praeger, New York.

Songsore, Jacob. 1992 "The Co-operative Credit Union Movement in North-Western Ghana: Development Agent or Agent of Incorporation?" In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 82-101.

Southgate, Douglas. 1988. The Economics of Land Degrodation in the Third World. Environment [Department Working Paper No. 2. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Southgate, Douglas.1990. "The Causes of Land Degradation along 'Spontaneously' Expanding Agricultural Frontiers in the Third World." Land Economics 66(1):93-101.

Southgate, Douglas, and David Pearce. 1988. Agricultural Colonization and Environmental Degradation in Frontier Developing Economics. Environment Department Working Paper No. 9. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Southgate, Douglas, John Sanders, and Simon Ehui. 1990. "Resource Degradation in Africa and Latin America: Population Pressure, Policies, and Property Arrangernents." In Chapman 1990, pp. 1-9.

Spears, John. 1988. Containing Tropical Deforestation: A Review of Priority Areas for Technological and Policy Research. Environment Department " Working Paper No. 10. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Southgate, Douglas, and Edward S. Ayensu. 1985. "Resources, Development, and the New Century: Forestry. In Repetto 1985, pp. 299-335.

Spears, John, and Raymond Rowe. 1991. "Tree Based Farming Systems." In Garbus, Pritchard, and Knudsen 1991, pp. 129-154.

Speirs, Mike, and Ole Olsen. 1991 Indigenous Integrated Farming Systems in the Sahel. World Bank; Technical Paper No. 179, Africa Technical Department Series World Bank, Washington, D.C

Spiro, Heather m. 1980. 'The Role of Women Fanning in Oyo State, Nigeria: A Case Study in Two Rural Commununities Agricultural Economics Discussion Paper No. 7/80. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Spiro, Heather m.1985. The flora Farm in Nigena. The Population Council. Kurnarian Press, West Hartford, Conn., USA

Spring, Anita. 1988. "Using Male Research and Extension Personnel to Target Women Farmers." In Poats, Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 407 426.

Sriastava, Jitendra P. 1991. "Crop Technology for the 1990s." In Garbus, Pritchard, and Knudsen 1991, pp. 71-94.

MahedeoTamboli, John C. English, Rattan Lal and Bobby Alton Stewart. 1993. CConserving Soil Moistare and Fertility in the Warm Seasonally Dry Tropics.World Bank Technical Paper No. 221. World Bank, Washington, D.C

Starkey, Paul. 1991. "Animal Traction Constraints and Impact Among African House holds." In Haswell and Hunt 1991, pp 77-90.

Staudt, Kathleen. 1985. Agricultural Policy Implementation: A Case Study from Western Kenya. The Population Council. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Conn., USA.

Steady, I: C. (ed).. 1993. Women and Children First: Environment, Poverty, and Sustainable Development. Schenkman Books, Rochester ,Vermont, USA

Stephens, Patience W., Eduard Bos, My T. Vu, and Rodolfo Bulatao. 1991. Africa Region Population Projections, 1990 91 Edition. PRE Working Paper WPS 598. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Stevens, Yvette. 1985. "Improved Technologies for Rural Women Problems and Prospects in Sierra; Leone." In Ahmed 1985, pp. 284 326.

Stichter, Sharon. 1975/76. "Women and the Labor Force in Kenya 1895-1964." Rural Africana, Winter 1975176, pp. 45-67. African Studies Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

Stocking, Mike. 1987. "Measuring Land Degradation." In Blaikie and Brookfield 1987, pp. 49-63.

Stolen, Kristi Anne. 1983. Peasants and Agricultural rrrl Change in Northen Zambia. Agricultural University of Norway, International Development Programs , Zambian Soil Productivity Research Programme Studies Occasional Paper No. 4. Landsbroksbakhandelen, As, Norway.

Stone, C. D 1984. "Household Variability and Inequality in Kofyar Subsistence and Cash-Cropping Economies." Jourunal of An Research 40(1).

Streeten, Paul. 1987. What Price Food? A,gricultural Price Policies in Developing Countries. MacMillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London.

Stryker, J. Dirck, with the assistance of Emmanuel Dumeau, Jennifer Wohl, Peter Hamrnond, Andrew Cook, and Katherine Coon. 1990 Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Ghana. World Bank Comparative Studies: The Political Economy of Agricultural Pricing Policy. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Sutherland, Alistair J. 1988. "The Gender Factor and Technology Options for Zambia's Subsistence Farming Systems In Poats, Schmink and Spring 1988, pp. 389-406.

Svedberg, Peter. 1991. Poverty and Undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory, Evidence, Policy. Monograph Series No. l9, Institute for International Economic Studies. Stockhold University, Stockholm, Sweden.

Swift, Jeremy. 1991 "Local Customary Institutions as the Basis for Natural Resource Management Among Boran Pastoralists in Northem Kenya." IDS Bulletin 22(4):34 37.

Swinell, Kenneth. 1982 "From Migrant Farmer to Perrnanent Settler: The Strange Farmers of The Gambia." In Clarke and Kosinski 1982, pp. 96-101.

Taylor, J. R Fraser. 1992. "Development from Within and Survival in Rural Africa: A Synthesis of Theory and Practice." In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp. 214-258.

Taylor, J. R Fraser, and Fiona Mackenzie (eds ). 1992. Development the Within: Survival in Rural Africa. Routledge, London and New York

Throbs, Mary N., and Elizabeth Cnola Phin. 1988. "The Impact of Modern Changes in the Chitemene Farming System in the Northern Province of Zambia." In Poats, Schmink and Spring 1988 pp. 361-372

Throbs, Mary N., and Elizabeth Cnola Phin, and Gerhard Zieroth. 1990 The Maavi Charcoal Project: Experience and Lessons. Industry and Energy Department Working Paper, Energy Series Paper No. 20. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Thottappilly, G., H. W. Rossel, D. V. R Reddy, F. J. Morales, S. K. Green and K M. Makkouk. 1990. "Vectors of Virus and Mycoplasma Diseases: An Overview." In S. R. Singh 1990, pp 323342.

Tiffen, Mary, Michael Mortiore, and Francis Gichaki. 1994 MOre People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K

Timberlake, Lloyd Jon Tinker, (ed.). 1985. Africa in Crisis The Causes, the Cures of Environmental Bankruptcy. International Institute of Environment and Development. Earthscan, London and Washington.

Timberlake, Lloyd Jon Tinker, (ed.). 198& The Encroaching Desert: The Consequences of Human Failure. A Report for the Independent Commission an International Humanitarian Issues, Zed Books, London.

Tinker, Irene. 1981. "New Technologies for Food-Related Activities: An Equity Strategy." Dauber and Cain 1981, pp. 51-88.

Tinker, Irene. 1987 "The Real Rural Energy Crisis: Women's Time." 17/e Energy journal 8:125 146.

Tobisson, Eva, and Anders Rudqvis 1992. "popular participation in Natural Resource Management for development. " In World Bank l992a, pp. 111-133

Todaro, Michael P. 1976. Internal Migration in Developing Countries: A Review of Theory, Evidence, Methodology and Research Priorities. Internatonal Lab our Office, Geneva.

Trusseli, James, and Anne R. Rebley. 1984. The Potential Impact of Changes in Fertility on Infant Child and Maternal Mortality. World Bank Staff Working; Paper No. 698, Population and Development Series No. 23. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Tsui, Amy Ong. 1985. "The Rise of Modern Contraception In Cleland and Hobcraft 1985, pp. 115138.

Tucker, Compton J., Harold E. Dregne, Wilbur W. Newcomb. 1991. "Expansion and Contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990." Science 253:299-301.

Turner II, B. L ((Billie LEe) , Goran HydEn, and Robert William Kates (eds.) . 1 1993. Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa. University Press of Florida , Gainesille, Florida.

Turnham, David. 1992. "Education and Sustainable Rural Development." In World Bank 1992a, pp. 179-185

Udo, Reuben K. 1975. Migrant Tenant Fanners of Nigria A Geographical Study of Rural Migrations in Nigeria. African Universities Press/lbadan University Press, Lagos/Ibadan, Nigeria.

Udo, Reuben K. 1990. Land Use Policy and Land Ownership in Nigeria Ebicakwa Ventures, Lagos, Nigeria.

Umali, Dina L., Gershon Feder, Comelis de Haun. 1992. The Balance Between Public and Private Sector Activities in the Delivery of Livestock Services. World Bank Viscussion Paper No. 163. World Bank Washington, D.C.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). 1989. The State of the World's Children 1989. Oxford University press, Oxfords, U.K

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM). 1987. 0il Extraction. Food Cycle Technology Source Book 1. UNIFEM, New York.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM). 1988a. Fruit and Vegetable Processing. Food Cyc]e Technology Source Book UNIFEM, New York.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM). 1988b. Cercal Processing. Food Cycle Technology Source Book 3. UNIFEM, New York

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM). 1983c Fish Pracessing. Food Cycle Technology Source Book 4. UNIFEM, New York

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM).1989a. Root Crop Processing. Food Cycle Tcchnology Source Book 5. UNlFEM, New York.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNFEM). 1989b. Women and the Food Cycle. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Envionment Programme (UNEP), and World Bank 1994 Global Environment Facility: independent Evaluction of the Pilot Phase. Washington, D.C.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDI') and World Bank 1989. African Economic and Financial Data. New York and Washington, D.C

United Nations Development Programme (UNDI') and World Bank 1992. African Development Indicators. New York and Washington, D.C.

United Nations Development Programme/World Bank Energy sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 1988. Proceedings of the ESMAP Eastern and Soutthem Africa Household Enemy l:lanning Seminar. Harare, Zimbabwe, 1-5 February 1988.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1981 Environment and Development in Afirca A Study Prepared by the Environmental Development Action (ENDA) for the United Nations Environment Prograrnme. UNEP Studies, Vol.. 2 Pergarnon Press, Oxford, U.K

U.S. Congress, Office of Assessment (OTA). 1984. Africa Tomorrow: Issues in , Agriculture , and US. Foreign Aid—A Technical Memorandum m. OTA-TM-F-31 US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C

U.S. Congress, Office of Assessment (OTA). 1986. Continuing the Commmitment: Agricultural Developrnent in the Sahel Special
Report OTA-F-308. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Congress, Office of Assessment (OTA).. 1988. Enhancins Agriculture in Africa A Role for U.S. Development Assistance. OTAF-36. US Govenment Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

International Development Programs, Zambian Soil Productivity Research Programme Studies, Occasional Paper No. 2. As, Norway.

Vixen, J. de 1980. The Rural Access Roads Programe Appropriate Technology in Kenya. International Labour Office, Geneva.

Venema, Bernhard. 1986 "The Changing Role of Women in Sahelian Agriculture." In Creevoy 1986, pp. 81-94.

Ventura-Dias, Vivian :985. "Modernisation, Production Organisation and Rural Women in Kenya." l; Ahmcd 1985, pp. 157-210.

Vermeij, Geerat J. 1986. 'Survival During Biotic Crises: The Properties and Evolutionary significance of Refuges." In Elliott 1986, pp. 231-246.

Vierich, He]ga. 19S6. "Agricultural Production, Social Status, and Intra-Compound Relationships." In Moock 1986, pp. 155-165.

Walker, Brian W. 1985. Authentic DEvelopmnet in Africa Foreign Policy Association Headline Series, No. 274, New York.

Walker, S. Tjip. 1987. "Making Agricultural Extension Work With Women: The Efforts of MIDENO in Cameroon." International Development Management Center, Division of Agricultural and Life Sciences. University of Maryland, College Park, Md., USA

Walle, Etienne van de, and Andrew Foster. 1990. Fertility Decline in Africa: Assessment and Prospects. World Bank Technical Paper No. 125, Africa Technical Department Series. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Wardman, Anna, and Lucio G. Salas. 1991. "The Implementations of Anti-Erosion Techniques in the Sahel: A Case Study from Kayo, Burkina Faso." The Journal of Developing Areas

Warren, D. Michael. 1991. Using Indigenous Knowledge in Agricultural Development. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 127. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Watts, Michael. 1983. "'Good Try, Mr. Paul: Populism and the Politics of African and Use." The Africa Studies Review 26(2):73-83.

Watts, Michael. 1987. "Drought, Environment and Food Security: Some Redactions on Peasants, Pastoralists and Commoditization in Dryland West Africa." In Glanta 1987, pp. 171-211.

Webb, Patrick. 1989. Intrahousehold Decisionmaking and Resource Control; The Effects of Rice Commercialization in West Africa en. Working Papers on Commercialization of Agriculture and Nutrition No. 3. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.

Wellard, Kate, and James G. Copestake (eds.). 1993. Non-Governmental Organizations and the State in Africa: Roles in Sustainable Agricultural Development. Routledge, London and New York.

Wells, Michael, and Katrine Brandon, with Lee Hannah. 1992. People and Parks: Liking Prateced Area Management with Local Communities World Bank, World Wildlife Fund, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.

Were, Gideon S. (ed.). 1985. Women and Development in Africa. Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, Vol. 15. Gideon S. Were Press, No 120, Kenya.

West, Patrick C., and Steven R Brendon (eds.). 1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.

Westoff, Charles F., and Luis Ochoa. 1991. Unmet Need and the Demand for Family Planning. DHS Comparative Studies No. 5. Institute for Resource Development, Columbia., USA.

Whitney, J. B. R 1987. "Impact of Fuelwood Use on Environmental Degradation in the Sudan." In Little and Horowitz 1987, pp. 115-143.

lliarns, Paula J. 1992a. Women's Participation in Forestry Activities in Africa: Project Summary and Policy Recommendations. Environment Liaison Centre International, Nairobi.

lliarns, Paula J. 1992b. Women, Trees and Forests in Africa: A Resource Guide. Environment Liaison Centre Intc. national, Nairobi

Winterbottom, Robert. 1992. 'Tropical Forestry Action Plans and Indigenous People: The Case of Cameroon." In Cleaver c! al. 1992, pp. 222-228.

Winterbottom, Robert, and Peter T. Hazlewood. 1987. "Agroforestry and Sustainable Development: Making the Connection." Nairobi 16(2-3): 100-110. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.

Wolfe, Alvin W.1959 "The Dynamics of the Ngombe Herskevits 1959, pp. 168-186.

Wolman, M G., and F. G. A. 'F (eds.) 1987. Lnad Transformation i Agriulture Scope 32. Published on Behalf of The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the Interrutional Council of scientific Unions (ICSU) by John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.

World Bank. 1984. Toward SustniitaviSustainablet, Development in Sub-Saharan Africa A Joint Program of Actions. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1986. opulation Growth and Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1987a Ethiopia Agriculture Strategy for Growth, sector Review Eastern African Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1987b. Eastern and Southerm Africa Agricultural Resenrch Review Eastern and South Africa Projects Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1987c. West Africa Agricultural Research Review. Western Africa projects Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1988. Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Policies for Adjustment Revitnlization , and Expansions. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1989a. Cote d'lvoire: Agriculture Sector Adjustment Operation. President's Report. Occidental Africa Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank.1989b. Kenya The Role of Women in Economic Development World Bank, Washington, DC

World Bank. 1989c. Renewable Resource Management in Agriculture Operations Evaluation Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank.1989d. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth (A Long-Term Perspective Study). World Bank, Washington, D.C.

World Bank.1989c. Successful Development in Africa: Case Studies of Projects, Programs, and Policies.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C.1990a. Cote d'Ivoire: Foresty sector Project. Staff Appraisal Report. Occidental Africa Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1990b Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africanm Africa Technical Department Environment Division. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1990c Republic of Ghana: Second Transport Project. Staff Appraisal Report. Western Africa Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991a. Foresty Development A Review of Bank Experience Operations Evaluation Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991b. Forestry Policy Paper Agriculture and Rural Development Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991c. World Development Report 1991 1 The Challenge of Development Oxford University press, Oxford' U.K.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991d. The World Bank and tire progress Report Fiscal 1991. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991e. Population and the World Bank. A Review of Activities and Impacts from Eight Case Studies Operations Evaluation Department. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991f. National Environmental Action Plans in Africa. Proceedings from a Workshop organized by the Government of Ireland, the Environmental Institute, University College, Dublin, and the World Bank (EDIAR and (AFIEN), Dublin, Ireland, December 12-14, 1990. Africa Technical Department, Environment Division. World Bank, Washington, D.C

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C 1991g. issues Facing National Environomental Action Plans in Africa. Report from a Club of Dublin Workshop, Mauritius, June 17-19, 199}. Africa Technical Department, Environment Division World Blank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1992a. Integrated Natural Resource Management Report from a Workshop , Botswana, December 1-7, 1991. EN Working Paper No. 4, Africa Technical Department, Environment Division. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1996. World Development Report: Development and the Environment. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1993a. Social Indicators of Development 1593. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1993b. World Tanks 1993. Lyle Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

EDI Development Policy Case Series, Analytical Case Studies No. 1, Economy Development Institute. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1993c. World Development Report 1993: Investing In Health The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

World Resources Institute (WRI). 1992. World Resources 1992-93—Toward Sustainable Development. A Report by the World Resources Institute, in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programe and the United Nations Development Programe. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York. and Internationall Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 1987. World Resources 1997 An Assessment of the Resource Base that Supports the Global Economy Basic Book New York

World Resources Institute (WRI). 1988. World Resources 1988-89: An Assessment of the REsource Base that Supports the Global Economy. Basic Books, New York

World Resources Institute (WRI), World Bank and U.N. Development Programme. 1985. Tropical Forest is: A Call for Action. Report (a Task Force convened by the World Resources Institute, the World Bank, and the U.N. Development Prograrmme, World Resources institute, Washington, D.C.

Yotopoulos, Pan A. 1978. "The Population Problem and the Development Solution," (Population and Agrricullural Development. Selected Relationships and Possible Planning Uses, Technical Paper No. 2). Policy Analysis Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Youssef, Nadia H 1982 '´The Interrelationship Between the Division of Labour in the Household, Women's Roles and Their Impact on Fertrlity. In Anker, Buvinic and Youssef 1982, pp. 173 201.

Zachanah, K C., Julien Conde, N. K Nair, Alike S. Okoye, Eugene K Campbell, M. L. Srivastava, and Kenneth Swindell 1980a Demographic Aspects of Migration in West Africa—Vol. 1. World Bank Staff Working Paper No.414. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Zachariah, K. C, Julien Conde, N. K FJair. 1980b. Demographic Aspects of Migration in West Africa—Vol. 2. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 415. World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Zeidenstein, Sondra (ed.). 1979. Learning About Rural Women. Studies irr Family Planning 10(11,/12) The Population Council, New York

Zethner, Ole (ad.). 1989. Pest Management and the African Farmer. Proceedings of an ICLNE/World Bank Conference on Integrated Pest Management in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, May 22-26, 1989 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi, Kenya.

Zinanga, Alex F. 199:2 Development of the Zimbabue Family Planing Program. Policy
Research Working Paper No 1 053, Population and Human Resources Department World
Bank, Washington, D C.

Zinyama, Lovemore M. 1992 "Local Farmer Organizations and Rural Development in Zimbabwe " In Taylor and Mackenzie 1992, pp 33 57