 | Developing the non-farm Sector in Bangladesh: Lessons from other Asian Countries (WB, 1996, 116 p.) |
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Tables and chards
Table 1
Sources of growth in gross domestic output in Bangladesh (percent)
|
Contribution of | ||||||
|
Growth of gross Year |
Total domestic product |
Domestic Agriculture |
Resource Industry |
Services Consumption |
Investment |
Balance |
|
1970 |
6.2 |
2.9 |
0.1 |
3.2 |
8.7 -1.3 |
-1.1 |
|
1971 |
-3.9 |
-2.4 |
-3.0 |
1.4 |
-1.7 -3.9 |
1.7 |
|
1972 |
-11.1 |
-5.6 |
-6.0 |
0.5 |
-3.0 -7.1 |
-1.0 |
|
1973 |
-0.2 |
0.1 |
5.4 |
-5.7 |
-16.9 6.2 |
10.4 |
|
1974 |
13.4 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
23.7 -0.6 |
-3.7 |
|
1975 |
-1.3 |
-2.7 |
-1.0 |
2.4 |
-1.7 -1.2 |
1.6 |
|
1976 |
4.5 |
2.9 |
-0.6 |
2.2 |
6.4 0.5 |
-2.4 |
|
1977 |
1.0 |
-1.8 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
-6.4 1.9 |
5.6 |
|
1978 |
7.3 |
4.9 |
0.3 |
2.1 |
10.9 3.1 |
-6.6 |
|
1979 |
5.9 |
0.5 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
4.9 0.6 |
0.4 |
|
1980 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
-0.9 |
1.8 |
1.0 5.3 |
-4.9 |
|
1981 |
9.5 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
7.6 |
7.0 0.6 |
1.9 |
|
1982 |
3.8 |
2.9 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
3.5 -0.4 |
0.6 |
|
1983 |
4.6 |
1.9 |
0.2 |
2.5 |
7.1 -3.2 |
0.7 |
|
1984 |
4.8 |
2.2 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
5.2 0.6 |
-1.1 |
|
1985 |
3.9 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
3.0 |
6.1 1.4 |
-3.5 |
|
1986 |
4.4 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
2.6 |
2.1 -0.9 |
3.2 |
|
1987 |
4.1 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
2.8 |
4.0 1.2 |
-1.0 |
|
1988 |
2.8 |
-0.3 |
0.8 |
2.4 |
3.4 0.2 |
-0.7 |
|
1989 |
2.5 |
-0.4 |
0.7 |
2.2 |
3.6 -1.0 |
-0.1 |
|
1990 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
5.9 0.3 |
0.5 |
|
1991 |
3.4 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
2.1 |
2.2 -1.3 |
2.5 |
|
1992 |
4.2 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
2.1 0.8 |
1.3 |
|
1993 |
4.4 |
0.7 |
11.3 |
2.4 |
3.5 1.0 |
-0.1 |
|
1994 |
4.6 | | | | | |
Source: World Bank date.
Chart 1 GDP growth in Bangladesh
Chart 2 Sources of Growth
Table 2 Annual growth of GDP in a
sample of African and Asian countries (percent)
Table 3
Incremental capital output ratios for a sample of African and Asian countries
|
Country |
1970-74 |
1975-79 |
1980-84 |
1985-89 |
|
Bangladesh |
. |
2.87 |
3.67 | |
|
Ghana |
4.00 |
9.34 |
-6.40 |
2.41 |
|
India |
12.98 |
8.77 |
3.78 |
3.25 |
|
Indonesia |
. |
. |
4.56 |
4.15 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1.97 |
2.41 |
3.02 |
2.79 |
|
Malaysia |
2.47 |
2.77 |
5.09 |
4.08 |
|
Myanmar |
3.97 |
1.94 |
3.19 |
-3.75 |
|
Pakistan |
6.21 |
3.49 |
2.64 |
2.82 |
|
Philippines |
2.74 |
3.58 |
3.35 | |
|
Sri Lanka |
3.11 |
2.77 |
4.10 |
8.43 |
|
Thailand |
4.48 |
2.99 |
4.15 |
2.31 |
|
Zambia |
14.80 |
5.64 | | |
|
Zimbabwe |
4.46 |
-17.68 |
6.59 |
5.93 |
Note:1 ICOR -, = (Fixedlnv) (GDP, - GDP. - )
J. A 2 Data in constant 1987 pricer.
Source: World Bank data.
Table 4
Estimates of total factor productivity growth in a sample of African and Asian countries, 1960-90 (percent)
|
Total factor productivity | |
|
Country |
growth |
|
Bangladesh |
0.58 |
|
China |
2.27 |
|
Ghana |
-2.70 |
|
India |
-0.36 |
|
Indonesia |
0.12 |
|
Kenya |
2.24 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
0.55 |
|
Malawi |
0.01 |
|
Myanmar |
0.51 |
|
Pakistan |
0.58 |
|
Philippines |
0.02 |
|
Sri Lanka |
0.74 |
|
Thailand |
0 75 |
|
Zaire |
-1.37 |
|
Zambia |
-1.60 |
Source: Nehru and Dhareshwar(1994)
Table 5
Gross domestic savings in a sample of
African and Asian countries (percentage of GDP)
|
Country |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1993 |
|
Bangladesh |
7.2 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
7.5 |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic |
9.4 |
12.3 |
15.2 |
14.5 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
|
Gambia, The |
5.1 |
15.2 |
0.7 |
5.1 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
|
Ghana |
12.8 |
13.7 |
4.9 |
7.6 |
6.0 |
-1.4 |
|
India |
16.4 |
20.4 |
17.4 |
20.8 |
23.7 |
23.8 |
|
Indonesia |
13.9 |
25.9 |
37.1 |
29.8 |
32.1 |
30.5 |
|
Kenya |
23.6 |
13.5 |
18.1 |
24.9 |
19.1 |
21.1 |
|
Malawi |
10.8 |
17.0 |
10.8 |
12.9 |
9.7 |
1.8 |
|
Myanmar |
10.6 |
8.8 |
17.6 |
11.5 |
11.2 |
11.5 |
|
Nigeria |
12.0 |
20.7 |
32.3 |
12.6 |
29.5 |
18.5 |
|
Pakistan |
9.0 |
4.9 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
11.1 |
12.0 |
|
Philippines |
21.9 |
24.8 |
24.2 |
17.4 |
18.4 |
15.6 |
|
Sri Lanka |
15.8 |
8.1 |
11.2 |
11.7 |
14.1 |
15.8 |
|
Thailand |
21.2 |
22.1 |
22.9 |
25.5 |
33.6 |
35.9 |
|
Togo |
25.9 |
17.4 |
24.8 |
15.4 |
13.6 |
-2.3 |
|
Zaire |
12.2 |
12.7 |
10.1 |
14.4 | | |
|
Zambia |
45.1 |
21.2 |
19.3 |
15.4 |
17.8 |
14.2 |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 6
Gross domestic investment in a sample of African and Asian countries (percentage of GDP)
|
Country |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1993 |
|
Bangladesh |
11.3 |
6.1 |
14.9 |
12.9 |
12.8 |
13. |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic |
13.9 |
33.4 |
27.5 |
26.7 |
21.9 |
17.0 |
|
Gambia, The |
4.8 |
12.2 |
26.2 |
12.5 |
19.7 |
20.5 |
|
Ghana |
14.2 |
12.7 |
5.6 |
9.6 |
14.5 |
14.8 |
|
India |
17.1 |
20.8 |
20.9 |
23.9 |
26.6 |
24.1 |
|
Indonesia |
15.8 |
23.7 |
24.3 |
28.0 |
30.1 |
28.3 |
|
Kenya |
24.4 |
18.1 |
29.2 |
26.0 |
24.3 |
16.1 |
|
Malawi |
25.7 |
33.7 |
24.7 |
18.6 |
19.7 |
12.3 |
|
Myanmar |
14.2 |
10.0 |
21.5 |
15.5 |
13.4 |
12.1 |
|
Nigeria |
14.8 |
25.2 |
22.2 |
9.0 |
14.6 |
15.1 |
|
Pakistan |
15.8 |
16.2 |
18.5 |
18.3 |
1.8.9 |
20.7 |
|
Philippines |
21.3 |
30.9 |
29.1 |
15.3 |
24.2 |
24.1 |
|
Sri Lanka |
18.9 |
15.6 |
33.8 |
23.4 |
21.9 |
25.3 |
|
Thailand |
25.6 |
26.7 |
29.1 |
28.2 |
41.1 |
40.0 |
|
Togo |
15.1 |
27.7 |
30.1 |
24.1 |
25.4 |
6.0 |
|
Zaire |
14.9 |
17.8 |
10.0 |
12.5 | | |
|
Zambia |
28.2 |
40.9 |
23.3 |
14.9 |
17.3 |
15.3 |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 7 Direct foreign investment in a sample of African and Asian countries (percentage of GDP)
|
Country |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
Bangladosh |
0.01 |
0.04 |
0.07 | |
|
China |
0.36 |
0.75 |
1.71 |
5.43 |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic of |
0.61 |
0.39 |
1.01 |
1.15 |
|
Ghana |
0.12 |
0.24 |
0.33 |
0.00 |
|
India |
0.07 |
0.06 |
0.16 |
1.64 |
|
Indonesia |
0.35 |
1.03 |
1.39 |
1.38 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
0.21 |
-0.04 |
-0.16 |
-0.16 |
|
Malaysia |
2.23 |
5.45 |
7.70 |
6.75 |
|
Pakistan |
0.25 |
0.50 |
1.15 |
0.60 |
|
Philippines |
0.04 |
1.20 |
0.43 |
1.41 |
|
Sri Lanka |
0.41 |
0.52 |
1.23 |
1.79 |
|
Tanzania |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.47 |
0.84 |
|
Thailand |
0.42 |
2.69 |
1.77 |
1.20 |
|
Zambia |
2.29 |
6.17 |
0.00 |
0.09 |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 8 Aggregate net resource flows in a sample of African and Asian countries (current US dollars per capita)
|
Country |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
|
Bangladesh |
18.4 |
10.5 |
14.6 |
14.8 |
15.1 |
|
China |
2.0 |
5.5 |
8.8 |
9.5 |
19.5 |
|
Egypt |
79.0 |
95.9 |
99.9 |
76.4 |
54.5 |
|
Ghana |
16.9 |
16.0 |
50.3 |
54.2 |
49.1 |
|
India |
3.1 |
4.0 |
5.4 |
5.2 |
5.0 |
|
Indonesia |
12.8 |
9.7 |
34.3 |
35.3 |
41.8 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
64.0 |
73.0 |
30.2 |
115.1 |
135.1 |
|
Malaysia |
149.1 |
54.8 |
112.2 |
224.0 |
284.7 |
|
Pakistan |
15.2 |
6.9 |
12.9 |
14.0 |
16.2 |
|
Philippines |
26.2 |
23.8 |
31.3 |
22.7 |
53.0 |
|
Sri Lanka |
28.8 |
32.7 |
33.9 |
52.7 |
29.1 |
|
Tanzania |
46.9 |
16.5 |
38.9 |
37.7 |
39.5 |
|
Thailand |
44.7 |
35.6 |
86.6 |
91.3 |
66.1 |
|
Zaire |
13.9 |
6.2 |
16.3 |
18.6 |
14.9 |
|
Zambia |
92.7 |
61.2 |
119.5 |
69.3 |
76.1 |
Note: Aggregate net nesource flows are loan disbursoments minus principal nopaymonts plus FDI, portfolio equlty flows, and official grants. Technical co-op grants are not included. Official development finance, which includes ODA (official grants plus officlal concessional loans, both bilateral and multilaterall plus nonconcessional loans, is thus a subset of aggregate net resource flows).Source: World Bank data.
Table 9
Government current tax and nontax revenue
for a sample of African and Asian countries (percentage of GDP at market
prices)
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
Country |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
Bangladesh |
14.0 |
8.8 |
9.3 |
10.9 |
12.0 |
|
China |
. |
. |
8.9 | | |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic of |
44.1 |
40.0 |
29.8 |
41.3 | |
|
Ghana |
6.9 |
11.8 |
13.2 |
12.2 |
18.3 |
|
India |
12.0 |
13.8 |
13.5 |
14.5 |
14.3 |
|
Indonesia |
21.3 |
21.0 |
20.2 |
19.5 |
18.6 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
17.4 |
16.7 |
17.5 |
17.8 |
18.8 |
|
Malaysia |
26.3 |
30.0 |
27.1 |
28.6 |
27.3 |
|
Pakistan |
17.0 |
16.7 |
20.0 |
18.5 |
18.9 |
|
Philippines |
14.1 |
12.1 |
76.4 |
17.8 |
17.6 |
|
Sri Lanka |
24.1 |
23.9 |
22.8 |
21.8 |
21.0 |
|
Tanzania |
20.3 |
16.7 | | | |
|
Thailand |
14.6 |
15.8 |
18.8 |
17.7 |
18.1 |
|
Zambia |
25.8 |
22.1 | | | |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 10
Illiteracy rates for a sample of
African and Asian countries (percentage of population above age 15)
|
Male and female |
Female | ||||
|
1980 |
1981 |
1985 |
1990 |
1985 |
1990 |
|
Bangladesh |
70.8 |
67.8 |
64.7 |
81.0 |
78.0 |
|
China |
34.5 |
31.8 |
26.7 |
44.7 |
38.2 |
|
Ghana |
47.2 |
39.7 |
57.8 |
49.0 | |
|
India |
59.2 |
55.9 |
51.8 |
70.9 |
66.3 |
|
Indonesia |
32.7 |
28.2 |
23.0 |
36.5 |
32.0 |
|
Kenya |
52.9 |
35.0 |
31.0 |
46.8 |
41.5 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
5.3 |
3.7 |
8.9 |
6.5 | |
|
Malawi |
58.8 |
69.2 | | | |
|
Malaysia |
26.0 |
21.6 |
35.0 |
29.6 | |
|
Myanmar |
22.0 |
19.4 |
31.4 |
27.7 | |
|
Pakistan |
73.8 |
69.0 |
65.2 |
82.3 |
78.9 |
|
Philippines |
16.7 |
12.3 |
10.3 |
12.7 |
10.5 |
|
Sri Lanka |
13.2 |
13.3 |
11.6 |
19.1 |
16.5 |
|
Thailand |
12.0 |
9.3 |
7.0 |
13.3 |
10.1 |
|
Zaire |
34.1 |
28.2 |
46.8 |
39.3 | |
|
Zambia |
47.5 |
32.6 |
27.2 |
41.3 |
34.7 |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 11
Gross primary school enrollment ratios
in a sample of African and Asian countries
(percentage of school age
population)
| |
1980 |
1985 |
1991 |
1992 | ||||
|
Country |
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
|
Bangladesh |
62 |
46 |
60 |
50 | | | | |
|
China |
112 |
103 |
124 |
114 |
123 |
118 |
121 |
116 |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic |
78 |
65 |
91 |
82 |
101 |
93 | | |
|
Ghana |
80 |
71 |
76 |
74 |
67 | | | |
|
India |
83 |
67 |
96 |
80 |
100 |
86 |
102 |
90 |
|
Indonesia |
107 |
100 |
117 |
114 |
115 |
113 | | |
|
Kenya |
115 |
110 |
98 |
95 | | | | |
|
Korea, Republic of |
110 |
111 |
97 |
98 |
107 |
109 |
105 |
106 |
|
Malawi |
60 |
48 |
59 |
51 | | | | |
|
Malaysia |
93 |
92 |
101 |
100 |
93 |
93 |
93 |
94 |
|
Myanmar |
91 |
89 |
98 |
96 | | | | |
|
Pakistan |
39 |
27 |
45 |
31 | | | | |
|
Philippines |
113 |
113 |
106 |
107 |
110 |
109 | | |
|
Sri Lanka |
103 |
100 |
103 |
101 |
108 |
106 |
107 |
105 |
|
Tanzania |
93 |
86 |
72 |
71 |
69 |
68 |
68 |
67 |
|
Thailand |
99 |
97 |
96 |
97 | | | | |
|
Zaire |
95 |
80 |
89 |
71 |
72 |
62 |
70 |
60 |
|
Zambia |
90 |
82 |
99 |
93 |
97 |
92 | | |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 12
Gross secondary school enrollment ratios (percentage of school age population)
| |
1980 |
|
1985 |
|
1990 |
|
|
Country |
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
Total |
Female |
|
Bangladesh |
18 |
9 |
18 |
10 |
19 |
12 |
|
China |
46 |
37 |
39 |
32 |
48 |
42 |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic |
54 |
41 |
66 |
54 |
81 |
73 |
|
Ghana |
41 |
31 |
40 |
38 |
29 | |
|
India |
32 |
22 |
38 |
26 |
44 |
32 |
|
Indonesia |
29 |
23 |
41 | | | |
|
Kenya |
20 |
16 |
21 |
16 |
29 |
25 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
76 |
71 |
90 |
88 |
88 |
87 |
|
Malawi |
3 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
|
Malaysia |
48 |
46 |
53 |
53 |
56 |
58 |
|
Myanmar |
22 |
23 | | | | |
|
Pakistan |
14 |
8 |
18 |
10 |
21 |
13 |
|
Philippines |
65 |
69 |
64 |
66 |
73 | |
|
Sri Lanka |
55 |
57 |
63 |
66 |
74 |
77 |
|
Tanzania |
3 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
|
Thailand |
29 |
28 |
30 |
33 |
32 | |
|
Zaire |
24 |
13 |
23 |
14 | | |
|
Zambia |
16 |
11 |
18 |
13 | | |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 13A
Access to health care in a sample of
African and Asian countries (percentage of total population)
|
Country |
1981 |
1985 |
1988 |
1991 |
|
Bangladesh |
80 |
45 |
38 |
74 |
|
China | | | | |
|
Ghana |
64 |
65 |
76 | |
|
India |
50 |
75 |
100 |
100 |
|
Indonesia |
43 | | | |
|
Kenya | | | | |
|
Korea, Republic of |
80 |
100 |
100 | |
|
Malawi |
40 |
54 |
80 | |
|
Malaysia |
88 | | | |
|
Myanmar |
30 |
48 | | |
|
Pakistan |
65 |
64 |
85 |
85 |
|
Philippines |
| | |
|
|
Sri Lanka |
90 |
90 | | |
|
Thailand |
30 |
93 |
59 | |
|
Zaire |
80 |
33 |
59 | |
|
Zambia |
70 |
75 | | |
Note: Access is defined as the percentage of the population
that can reach the local health
services by usual means of transportation in
no more than one hour.
Source: World Bank data.
Table 13B: Expenditure on health ( % of GNP)
|
Country |
1983 |
1985 |
1988 |
1991 |
1993 |
|
Bangladesh |
0.4 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
|
China |
3.2 |
3.1 | | | |
|
Ghana |
1 |
1.4 |
1.2 | | |
|
Indonesia |
3 |
2.5 |
3.7 | | |
|
India |
1.2 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
3.2 | |
|
Kenya |
2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
5.2 |
5 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
3 |
6.4 |
6.4 |
5.1 | |
|
Sri Lanka |
4.4 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
|
Myanmar |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
|
Malawi |
3 |
3 |
12.5 |
6.4 | |
|
Malaysia |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.7 | |
|
Pakistan |
3.2 |
4.5 | | | |
|
Philippines |
2.8 |
2.4 |
5.3 |
1.6 | |
|
Thailand |
1.1 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
6.3 | |
|
Zambia |
4.3 |
8.3 |
2.5 | | |
Source: World Bank data.
Table 14
Population per physician in a sample of
African and Asian countries
|
Country |
1980 |
1981 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
|
Bangladesh |
8,572 |
6,595 |
6,996 |
5,757 |
5,543 | | | | | |
|
China |
1,100 |
1,003 |
1,007 |
1,011 |
1,012 | | | | | |
|
Ghana |
15,162 |
20,682 |
23,178 | | | | | | | |
|
India |
2,700 |
3,704 |
2,515 |
2,446 | | | | | | |
|
Indonesia |
12,637 |
9,500 |
7,033 | | | | | | | |
|
Kenya |
10,071 |
6,512 |
9,851 | | | | | | | |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1,690 |
1,388 |
1,156 |
1,141 |
1,067 |
1,007 | | | | |
|
Malawi |
54,089 |
11,453 |
50,360 | | | | | | | |
|
Malaysia |
3,917 |
3,921 |
3,158 |
2,960 |
2,829 |
2,675 |
2,609 |
2,502 | | |
|
Myanmar |
4,952 |
3,743 |
12,897 | | | | | | | |
|
Pakistan |
3,615 |
2,999 |
2,950 |
2,978 | | | | | | |
|
Philippines |
7,847 |
6,711 |
6,559 |
6,562 |
8,037 | | | | | |
|
Sri Lanka |
7,211 |
7,512 |
5,613 |
7,366 | | | | | | |
|
Thailand |
6,803 |
6,648 |
6,216 |
6,199 |
5,872 |
5,457 |
5,482 |
4,743 |
4,272 |
4,411 |
|
Zaire |
13,553 | | | | | | | | | |
|
Zambia |
13,221 |
7,940 |
7,259 |
7,269 |
11,431 | | | | | |
Note: Physicians include the total number of rogistered medical practitioners in the country.
Source: World Bank data.
Table 15
Growth rates of output and gross value
added in agriculture in selected Asian countries (percent per year)
|
Total |
Gross |
Value |
|
|
Country |
Period |
Output |
Added |
|
India |
1951-61 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
| |
1961-71 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
| |
1971-81 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
| |
1951-81 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
|
Indonesia |
1951 -66 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
| |
1966-80 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
| |
1951-80 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
|
Japan |
1945-53 |
2.8 |
1.2 |
| |
1953-68 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
| |
1968-80 |
0.3 |
-1.2 |
| |
1945-80 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1946-52 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
| |
1952-54 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
| |
1954-65 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
| |
1965-78 |
4.9 |
4.2 |
| |
1978-80 |
-2.0 |
-4.1 |
| |
1946-80 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
|
Malaysia |
1961 -65 |
4.9 | |
| |
1966-70 |
8.0 | |
| |
1971-75 |
5.7 | |
| |
1976-80 |
6.0 | |
| |
1960-80 |
6.1 | |
|
Pakistan |
1950-55 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
| |
1955-60 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
| |
1960-65 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
| |
1965-70 |
5.2 |
5.5 |
| |
1970-78 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
| |
1978-83 |
4.0 |
3.5 |
| |
1950-83 |
33 |
3.1 |
|
Philippines |
1950-60 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
| |
1960-70 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
| |
1970-80 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
| |
1950-80 |
4.9 |
4 7 |
|
Taiwan (China) |
1951-66 |
4.8 |
4.4 |
| |
1966-75 |
3.4 |
1.6 |
| |
1975-81 |
3.4 |
2.5 |
| |
1951-81 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
|
Thailand |
1951-61 |
7.4 |
7.9 |
| |
1967-71 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
| |
1971-81 |
5.4 |
5.7 |
| |
1951-81 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
Source: Sidhu and Sidhu (1994).
Table 16
Growth rates in land productivity in
selected Asian countries (percent)
|
Total |
Output |
Growth |
rates |
in input |
use |
per ha |
Total capital |
|
Period |
output |
per ha |
Fert. |
Chem. |
Total |
current |
|
|
India |
1951-81 |
3.9 |
2.1 |
17.6 |
52.0 | | |
| |
1961-71 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
22.7 |
11.1 | | |
| |
1971-81 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
9.8 |
3.4 | | |
| |
1951-81 |
2.9 |
2.0 |
16.5 |
17.9 | | |
|
Indonesia |
1951-66 |
2.7 |
1.6 |
7.2 |
11.0 |
6.0 |
1.4 |
| |
1966-80 |
3.8 |
2.7 |
16.7 |
21.9 |
16.1 |
3.0 |
| |
1951-80 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
11.7 |
16.2 |
10.8 |
2.2 |
|
Japan |
1945-53 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
18.6 |
36.2 |
17.2 |
1.3 |
| |
1953-68 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
5.5 |
17.9 |
7.6 |
3.1 |
| |
1968-80 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
-1.3 |
8.1 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
| |
1945-80 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
6.0 |
18.2 |
8.4 |
2.9 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1946-52 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
13.2 |
-7.1 |
6.9 | |
| |
1952-54 |
10.3 |
9.7 |
18.6 |
64.9 |
11.8 | |
| |
1954-65 |
4.0 |
2.8 |
6.3 |
25.2 |
4.8 | |
| |
1965-78 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
5.7 |
24.7 |
12.7 | |
| |
1978-80 |
-2.0 |
-1.4 |
1.3 |
19.7 |
12.9 | |
| |
1946-80 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
7.6 |
20.2 |
9.0 | |
|
Pakistan |
1950-55 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
54.3 |
2.0 | | |
| |
1955-60 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
20.8 |
1.4 | | |
| |
1960-65 |
3.8 |
1.6 |
22.8 |
1.6 | | |
| |
1965-70 |
5.2 |
4.3 |
29.1 |
3.1 | | |
| |
1970-78 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
12.8 |
3.1 | | |
| |
1978-83 |
4.0 |
3.5 |
9.8 |
3.1 | | |
| |
1950-83 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
23.1 |
2.5 | | |
|
Philippines |
1950-60 |
5.0 |
1.7 |
10.0 |
11.0 |
1.7 | |
| |
1960-70 |
3.2 |
1.8 |
8.2 |
9.3 |
1.9 | |
| |
1970-80 |
6.3 |
4.8 |
6.8 |
8.3 |
1.3 | |
| |
1950-80 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
8.3 |
9.5 |
1.7 | |
|
Taiwan (China) |
1951-66 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
5 8 |
23.8 |
7.4 | |
| |
1966-75 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
3.7 |
14.0 |
12.8 | |
| |
1975-81 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
2.0 |
5.1 |
7.6 | |
| |
1951-81 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
4.4 |
16.9 |
9.1 | |
|
Thailand |
1951-61 |
7.4 |
5.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 | | |
| |
1967-71 |
4.5 |
-0.3 |
3.2 |
-2.1 | | |
| |
1971-81 |
5.4 |
2.8 |
0.4 |
-0.7 | | |
| |
1951 -81 |
5.8 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
-0.8 | | |
Source: Sidhu and Sidbu 119941.
Table 17
Growth rates in labor productivity on the
basis of total output in selected Asian countries (percent)
|
Labor |
|
Land Cultivated land |
Fixed capital | ||
| |
Period |
productivity |
productivity |
per worker |
per worker |
|
India |
1951-61 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
-0.8 |
-0.4 |
| |
1961-71 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
-1.3 |
0.5 |
| |
1971-81 |
0.9 |
2.0 |
-1.1 |
2.4 |
| |
1951-81 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
-1.1 |
1.6 |
|
Indonesia |
1951-66 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
-0.6 |
0.8 |
| |
1966-80 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
-0.2 |
2.8 |
| |
1951-80 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
-0.5 |
1.8 |
|
Japan |
1945-53 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
-1.3 |
0.0 |
| |
1953-68 |
6.7 |
3.9 |
2.7 |
5.8 |
| |
1968-80 |
4.1 |
1.0 |
3.1 |
7.0 |
| |
1945-80 |
4.6 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
4.8 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
1946-52 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
| |
1952-54 |
6.8 |
9.7 |
-2.6 |
3.8 |
| |
1954-65 |
0.8 |
2.8 |
-1.9 |
-2.2 |
| |
11965-78 |
8.0 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
6.0 |
| |
1978-80 |
-1.5 |
-1.9 |
0.0 |
-2.2 |
| |
1946-80 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
0.5 |
1.9 |
|
Pakistan |
1950-55 |
0.0 |
1.1 |
-9.3 | |
| |
1955-60 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
-0.6 |
3.3 |
| |
1960-65 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
| |
1965-70 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
-1.1 |
0.5 |
| |
1970-78 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
-1.3 |
1.5 |
| |
1978-83 |
2.1 |
3.5 |
-1.4 |
1.9 |
| |
1950-83 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
-0.9 |
1.2 |
|
Philippines |
1950-60 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
2.0 |
| |
1960-70 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
2.0 |
| |
1970-80 |
2.2 |
4.8 |
-2.6 |
-1.3 |
| |
1950-80 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
-0.8 |
0.9 |
|
Taiwan (China) |
1951-66 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
-0.2 |
2.0 |
| |
1966-75 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
1.0 |
4.5 |
| |
1975-81 |
8.2 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
10.7 |
| |
1951-81 |
5.1 |
4.0 |
1.1 |
4.6 |
|
Thailand |
1951-61 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
-0.2 |
0.0 |
| |
1967-71 |
2.6 |
-0.3 |
2.9 |
0.5 |
| |
1971-81 |
3.5 |
2.8 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
| |
1951-81 |
3.7 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
0.2 |
Source: Same as in Table 15.
Table 18
Growth rates of inputs used in agriculture
in selected Asian countries, 1950-80 (percent)
|
Total | ||||||||
|
No. of non-farm | ||||||||
|
Cultivated |
Cropped |
agricultural |
Agr. |
Current | |
| | |
|
Country |
area |
area |
workers |
Man-days |
Machinery |
Fertilizers |
chemicals |
inputs |
|
India |
0.6 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
2.6 |
16.6 |
17.9 |
16.9 | |
|
Indonesia |
1.0 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
15.7 |
12.9 |
17.3 |
11.9 |
|
Japan |
-0.2 |
-0.7 |
-0.2 |
-3.1 |
9.3 |
6.0 |
17.1 |
8.2 |
|
Korea, republic of |
0.4 |
0.0 |
-0.1 |
11.0 |
8.0 |
20.6 |
9.4 | |
|
Pakistan 0.9 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
3 4. |
24.0 | | | | |
|
Philippines 2.0 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
6.4 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
11.5 | |
|
Taiwan (China) 0.1 |
-0.2 |
-1.0 |
-0.9 |
8.1 |
4.5 |
17.0 |
9.2 | |
|
Thailand 3.1 |
3.4 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
2.3b |
4.4 | | | |
a. Capital Stock.
b. Fixed Capital.
Source: Sidhu and Sidhu (1994).
Table 19
Average yield, fertilizer consumption and
irrigation intensity for selected Asian countries
|
Fertilizer consumption b | ||||||
|
Average yield of cereals. |
(hundred gm per ha of) |
Irrigated land° (percentage) | ||||
|
(kg per ha) |
|
(arable land) |
|
(of crop land) |
| |
|
Country |
1980-82 |
1990-92 |
1979-80 |
1991-92 |
1979-81 |
1989-91 |
|
Bangladesh |
1,978 |
2,572 |
445 |
1,098 |
17 |
31 |
|
China |
3,160 |
4,329 |
1,273 |
3,043 |
45 |
49 |
|
India |
1,363 |
1,935 |
313 |
752 |
23 |
27 |
|
Indonesia |
3,061 |
3,857 |
440 |
1,093 |
28 |
37 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
4,881 |
5,808 |
3,857 |
4,517 |
60 |
64 |
|
Malaysia |
2,815 |
2,815 |
912 |
1,977 |
7 |
7 |
|
Myanmar |
2,782 |
2,726 |
93 |
69 |
10 |
10 |
|
Nepal |
1,585 |
1,854 |
90 |
272 |
22 |
38 |
|
Pakistan |
1,647 |
1,828 |
488 |
889 |
73 |
80 |
|
Philippines |
1,693 |
2,031 |
444 |
548 |
16 |
20 |
|
Sri Lanka |
2,595 |
2,880 |
776 |
931 |
28 |
27 |
|
Thailand |
1,936 |
2,052 |
160 |
365 |
16 |
19 |
|
Asia |
2,179 |
2,854 |
29 |
33 | | |
|
World |
2,260 |
2,757 |
791 |
933 |
15 |
17 |
Source: a and c, World Resources (1994-95); b, World Bank data.
Table 20
Area under high-yielding varieties (HYV)
for some Asian countries (million hectares)
|
Total cropped |
Cropped area | |||
| |
Area | |
under HYV | |
|
Country |
Year |
area |
under HYV |
(percent) |
|
Bangladesh |
80 |
10.8 |
2.6 |
24.5 |
| |
85 |
10.9 |
3.4 |
31.5 |
| |
87 |
10.9 |
3.9 |
35.5 |
| |
90 |
11.0 |
5.2 |
47.0 |
|
India |
80 |
44.9 | | |
| |
85 |
57.3 | | |
| |
87 |
58.7 | | |
| |
90 |
68.7 | | |
|
Indonesia° |
80 |
9.0 |
5.4 |
60.0 |
| |
85 |
9.9 |
7.6 |
77.0 |
| |
87 |
9.9 |
7.4 |
75.0 |
|
Myanmar° |
80 |
4.8 |
2.0 |
41.0 |
| |
85 |
4.7 |
2.2 |
48.0 |
| |
87 |
4.5 |
2.3 |
52.0 |
|
Pakistan° |
80 |
8.9 |
6.6 |
77.5 |
| |
85 |
10.1 |
7.8 |
80.3 |
| |
87 |
9.3 |
7.8 |
88.6 |
| |
90 |
10.0 |
8.2 |
87.0 |
|
Philipinnes° |
80 |
3.5 |
2.6 |
74.0 |
| |
85 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
87.0 |
| |
87 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
85.0 |
|
Sri Lanka° |
80 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
71.0 |
| |
85 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
91.0 |
| |
87 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
91.0 |
|
Thailand° |
80 |
9.2 |
1.1 |
12.0 |
| |
85 |
9.8 | | |
| |
87 |
9.1 |
1.4 |
15.0 |
a. Average for rice and wheat.
b. Average for rice, wheat,
and maize.
c. Rice only.
Source: World rice statistics, 1990; CIMMYT report; Agricultural statistics yearbooks of India and Pakistan.
Table 21
Annual recurrent expenditure on
agricultural extension in some Asian countries, 1987 (million 1980 US
dollars)
|
Total |
Arable land |
Expenditure per ha |
Expenditure per person in | |
|
Country |
expenditure |
(thousand ha) |
of arable land |
agriculture |
|
Bangladesh |
21.4 |
8895 |
2.41 |
0.99 |
|
China |
470.7 |
94485 |
4.98 |
1.05 |
|
India |
96 |
165350 |
0.58 |
0.47 |
|
Indonesia |
5.744 |
15800 |
0.36 |
0.17 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
61.4 |
2300 |
26.70 |
12.62 |
|
Malaysia |
19.4 |
1040 |
18.65 |
8.56 |
|
Nepal |
5.412 |
2292 |
2.36 |
0.82 |
|
Pakistan |
16.83 |
20269 |
0.83 |
1.05 |
|
Philippines |
19.57 |
4530 |
4.32 |
1.94 |
|
Sri Lanka |
3.613 |
912 |
3.96 |
1.14 |
|
Thailand |
154.43 |
17693 |
8.73 |
8.39 |
Source: FAO (1991).
Table 22
Structure of rural nonfarm activities in
Bangladesh, 1990 (percent)
|
Rural employment as percentage of total | |||
|
BSIC code |
Persons engaged |
Value added employment | |
|
93 - Social and community services |
39.4 |
27.6 |
87.8 |
|
62 - Retail trade |
27.2 |
45.4 |
61.4 |
|
95 - Personal, household services |
7.7 |
4.7 |
56.5 |
|
63- Restaurants and hotels |
6.2 |
3.4 |
57.3 |
|
33 - Wood and wood products, fum |
5.2 |
2.1 |
79.9 |
|
31 - Food beverages and tobacco |
5.1 |
2.9 |
77.3 |
|
32 - Textiles apparel and leather |
2.7 |
0.9 |
69.9 |
|
36 - Non-metallic mineral products |
2.0 |
0.5 |
90.5 |
|
61 - Wholesale trade |
1.9 |
10.7 |
37.8 |
|
38 - Metal products, machinery |
0.9 |
0.5 |
46.0 |
|
39 - Other manufacturing industries |
0.6 |
0.4 |
44.2 |
|
94- Recreation, cultural services |
0.5 |
0.5 |
49.5 |
|
84 - Business services |
0.2 |
0.3 |
28.4 |
|
Otters° |
0.2 |
0.1 |
10.9 |
|
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
69.2 |
a. includes: 84 - Business services;34 Paper printing and
publication; 71 - Transport and
storage; 37 - Basic metal industries; and 92
- sanitary and similar cervices.
Source: BBS survey of nonfarm activities 1990 and Handloom census 1990.
Table 23
Structure of rural manufacturing in
Bangladesh, 1990
|
Percentage | ||||||
|
Value added |
Percentage of total engaged in |
Percentage of total value added in rural |
engaged in rural to total added in |
Percentage value |
Rural to | |
|
Persons engaged (thousand take) |
rural |
manuf. |
manuf. |
Bangladesh |
total |
Bangladesh |
|
321-322 - Textiles (incl. handlooms |
1,079,534 |
10,461,848 |
71.9 |
65.3 |
96.0 |
94.4 |
|
311-312 Food manufacturing |
152,320 |
2,458,918 |
10.1 |
15.4 |
77,5 |
62.5 |
|
331 - Wood products excl. furnitur |
127,564 |
1,248,897 |
8.5 |
7.8 |
90,7 |
79.3 |
|
361 - Pottery, china, earthenware |
54,458 |
398,829 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
90.8 |
90.9 |
|
332 - Furnitures, fixtures exe. |
29,548 |
534,326 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
52.9 |
41.5 |
|
381-382 - Metal prods. Exclamations |
24,289 |
339,288 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
48.3 |
34.2 |
|
392-394 - Other mfg. industries |
12,703 |
303,274 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
37.4 |
40.3 |
|
369 - Other nonmetal minerals |
5,976 |
37,325 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
85.9 |
65.9 |
|
391 - Decorative handicrafts |
5,385 |
45,958 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
77.2 |
70.9 |
|
385 - Transport equipment |
2,187 |
64,705 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
53.8 |
50.2 |
|
383 - Non-electrical machinery |
2,079 |
34,331 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
34.9 |
20.7 |
|
342 - Printing and publishing |
1,631 |
34,298 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
12.0 |
10.9 |
|
314 - Tobacco manufacturing |
1,172 |
5,397 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
53.0 |
26.0 |
|
Others |
2,857 |
47,760 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
10.1 |
8.2 |
|
Total |
1,501,703 |
16,015,154 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
86.5 |
74.4 |
Source: BBs survey of confarm activities 1990, and Handloom consus 1990.
Table 24
Growth of rural manufacturing in
Bangladesh, 1980-89
|
1980 |
1989 |
Annual growth rate | |||||
|
Value added |
Value added | ||||||
|
Employment current Taka) |
(millions of added |
Employment current Taka) |
(millions of |
Employment (%) |
Value |
(real; %) | |
|
31 - Food beverages and tobacco |
357,381 |
738.49 |
471,036 |
1892.68 |
3.12 |
3.72 | |
|
32 - Textiles apparel and leather |
1,104,657 |
4740.25 |
1,369,022 |
10839.20 |
2.41 |
2.41 | |
|
33 - Wood and wood products, turn. |
183,023 |
159.76 |
278,872 |
893 |
48 |
4.79 |
13.11 |
|
34 - Paper printing and publication |
2,292 |
15.47 |
5,363 |
56.83 |
9.90 |
7.95 | |
|
35 - Chemicals,rubber and plastics |
2,182 |
16.52 |
7,493 |
90.13 |
14.69 |
12.81 | |
|
36 - Non-metallic mineral products |
83,886 |
182.86 |
84,903 |
577.80 |
0.13 |
6.16 | |
|
37 - Basic metal industries |
5,837 |
1.26 |
5,967 |
10.00 |
0.25 |
17.62 | |
|
38 - Metal products, Machinery |
32,495 |
69.07 |
71,517 |
732.72 |
9.16 |
21.45 | |
|
39 - Other manufacturing industries |
38,051 |
35.86 |
41,743 |
374.80 |
1.03 |
21.25 | |
|
Total |
1,884,033 |
5523.63 |
2,493,121 |
16304.37 |
3.16 |
5.36 | |
Note:
1. Basic data are from BSCIC surveys of cottage
(1980-82 and 1987-91) and small 11978 and 1987-91) industries.
2. For calculation of growth rates, the cottage industries data
for 80-82 are treated as though for 1980 and 1987-91
data are treated as
though for 1989 (the Survey started in Dec. 1987 and ended in June 1991).
3. The data for small industries have been extrapolated to 1980 from 1978 using the growth rates of value added and employment over 1978-89.
4. For obtaining rural levels, rural/total ratios of employment
and value added for each subsector were taken from the BBS survey of nonfarm
activities 1990, and the assumption made that rural-urban distribution has not
changed over the period.
5. The handloom data are from Handloom Censuses 1978
and 1990 and is included in 32-Textiles, apparel, and leather.
1978 data have been extrapolated to 1980 using the 1978-90
growth rates.1980 figures have been adjusted or non - inclusion of Chittagong
Hill Tract region, by using the same rate of growth as for
handlooms in rest
of the country.
Table 25
Employment in major rural industries in
Bangladesh
| |
1980 |
1989 |
Total annual | ||||
|
Industry |
Small |
Cottage |
Total |
Small |
Cottage |
Total |
growth (%) |
|
Rice mills/husking |
155,578 |
43,672 |
199,250 |
173,193 |
87,987 |
261,180 |
3.05 |
|
Oil mills /ghani |
11,403 |
21,130 |
32,533 |
16,116 |
42,998 |
59,114 |
6.86 |
|
Sweet meat and dairy products |
28,144 |
28,144 |
1,560 |
34,331 |
35,891 |
2.74 | |
|
Biscuit and bakery |
23,307 |
12,063 |
35,370 |
31,083 |
10,570 |
41,653 |
1.83 |
|
Flour mills |
21,251 |
2,312 |
23,563 |
22,512 |
2,462 |
24,974 |
0.65 |
|
Gur making | |
31,443 |
31,443 |
33,856 |
33,856 |
0.82 | |
|
Grain mills (incl. dal) |
1,615 |
6,489 |
8,104 |
1,068 |
11,449 |
12,517 |
4.95 |
|
Salt producing |
|
1,592 |
1,592 |
35,941 |
35,941 |
41.39 | |
|
Hosiery and other knitted fabrics |
10,285 |
3,999 |
14,284 |
28,010 |
3,632 |
31,642 |
9.24 |
|
Mats and reeds |
|
40,460 |
40,460 |
47,652 |
47,652 |
1.83 | |
|
Tailoring | |
98,465 |
96,465 |
152,364 |
152,364 |
5 21 | |
|
Fish net | |
58,211 |
58,211 |
39,137 |
39,137 |
-4.32 | |
|
Readymade garments |
687 |
6,375 |
7,062 |
39,030 |
16,246 |
55,276 |
25.69 |
|
Saw mills |
9,148 |
6,706 |
15,854 |
12,460 |
5,418 |
17,878 |
1.34 |
|
Wood products |
334 |
32,397 |
32,731 |
53,228 |
53,228 |
5.55 | |
|
Wooden furniture |
3,119 |
26,905 |
30,024 |
5,860 |
30,936 |
36,796 |
2.29 |
|
Bamboo and cane products |
125,960 |
125,960 |
179,293 |
179,293 |
4.00 | | |
|
Bamboo and cane furniture |
197 |
4,132 |
4,329 |
9,464 |
9,464 |
9.08 | |
|
Pottery | |
76,007 |
76,007 |
63,398 |
63,398 |
-2.00 | |
|
Bricks, structural clay products |
7,110 |
3,796 |
10,906 |
6,840 |
7,382 |
14,222 |
2.99 |
|
Hand/edge tools |
|
23,609 |
23,609 |
31,323 |
31,323 |
3.19 | |
|
Agricultural machinery |
119 |
2,101 |
2,220 |
1,242 |
10,294 |
11,536 |
20.09 |
|
Jewelry of precious metals |
1,760 |
26,600 |
28,360 |
7,187 |
48,912 |
56,099 |
7.87 |
Note: The industries are predominantly rural in nature,
though the data include both rural and urban areas.
Basic data is from BSCIC surveys of cottage (1980-82 anal 987-911 and small (1978 and 1987-91) industries.
For calculation of growth rates, the cottage industries data for 1980-82 are treated as though for 1980 and 1987-91 data are treated as though for 1989 (the Survey started in Dec. 1987 and ended in June 19911.
The data for small industries have been extrapolated to 1980 from 1978 using the growth rates of value added and employment over 1978-89.
Table 26
Impact of infrastructure on agricultural
productivity (Observations = 19)
|
Banks |
Primary education |
Secondary education constant |
Rural Electrification KW | |||
|
Irrigation |
Road Density | |||||
|
Advances (students) |
Density of students |
Density of ( per schools) |
Villages ( per consumed) | |||
|
Total take (per) |
Total kms. Per schools |
Paved (per hens. Per persons |
Density per electrified parson) cultivated |
Population (sq.km.) |
per 1000 sq. km. |
(person irrigated/ sq. km) |
|
Total sq. per sq. served (%) km | ||||||
1. Individual regressions
|
1.1 |
25,882.2 |
74.2 |
2.594.3 |
340.3 |
17,918.9 |
9.8 |
58.2 |
48.6 |
43.3 |
10,131.8 |
33,155.8 |
| |
(2.92) |
(3.05) |
(0.7) |
(0.83) |
(1.16) |
(1.74) |
(0.58) |
(1.78) |
(2.13) | | |
| |
(4.67) |
(1.29) |
(3.98) | | | | | | | | |
2. Multiple regressions
|
15,883.0 |
-8,867.8 |
74.0 |
33.7 |
8,412.6 |
4,116.5 |
|
(1.45) |
(- 91) |
(0.42) |
(3.41) |
(0.63) |
(6.39) |
|
19,112.8 |
-7,644.9 |
126.4 |
36.3 |
4,284.8 | |
|
(2.02) |
(-.82) |
(.84) |
(4.15) |
17.47) | |
|
13,894.2 |
151.9 |
34.9 |
3,944.6 | |
|
|
(1.99) |
(1.04) |
(4.11) |
('0.01) | |
|
|
-3.310.0 |
30.8 |
21,704.8 |
3,698.9 | |
|
|
(-.39) |
(3.13) |
(2.28) |
(6.4) | | |
|
30.6 |
19,730.0 |
3,598.7 | |
| |
|
(3.2) |
(2.5) |
(7 1) | | | |
|
10,914.4 |
32.1 |
10,038.6 |
3,758.9 | |
|
|
(1.17) |
(3.36) |
(.9) |
(7.2) | | |
Note: Unit of observation is a region or the erstwhile greater district.
The independent variable is aveargo annual productivity in eighties.
All variables are for 1991-92 except roads which are for 1992 and total cultivated area for irrigation, which is for 1983-84.
Person refers to rural person in all variables.
t-statistics
are in parantheaes.
Only roads in good/average condition are included. Rural roads exduded.
Source:World Bank data and Bangladesh statistical yearbook,
Table 27
Impact of infrastructure on output
(Observations = 1 9)
|
Secondary | |||||||||||||
|
Banks |
Primary education |
Education |
Rural Electrification |
Irrigation |
Road | ||||||||
|
Density of Advances per person in take) |
Density of Density sq.km.) |
Density schools (per person) |
Constant students (per km) |
KW schools (per sq. person) |
Total villages (per km) |
Paved consumed per sq. |
Total |
kms. electrified Population |
kms. per 1000 |
irrigated/Total |
per sq. |
per sq. | |
|
(%) |
served (%) |
persons |
cultivated |
km. |
km. | | | | | | | | |
|
1. Individual regressions | |||||||||||||
|
0.0081 |
125.2 |
0.6 |
25.5 |
2.22 |
106.8 |
.029 |
.051 0.65 |
72.2 |
95.9 | | | | |
|
(2.3) |
(11.8) |
(2.04) |
(3.39) |
(2.93) |
(4.84) |
(0.58) |
(0.48) (.98) |
(4.03) |
(3.62) | | | | |
|
2. Multiple Regressions | |||||||||||||
|
4.5 |
35.8 |
-4.6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
(2.7) |
(1.74) |
(-1.8) | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
80.1 |
46.1 |
-2.74 | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
(3.1) |
(1.7) |
(-1.5) | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
-0.8 |
119.8 |
-0.5 | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
(-1.19) |
(3.64) |
(-.25) | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
-0.18 |
130.7 |
-0.24 | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
(-1.98) |
(4,3) |
(-.14) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note: Unrt of observation is a region or the erstwhile greater district.
All variables are for 1991-92 except roads, which are for 1992 and total cultivated area for irrigation intensity, which is 1983-84.
'Person' refers to rural person in all variables.
Only roads in good/average condition are included. Rural roads are excluded.
Independent variable is gross regional output for greater
districts.
t-statistics are in brackets.
Source: World Bank data and Bangladesh statistical yearbook.
Table 28
Growth of TFP for Selected Developing
Countries in Asia and Latin America
| |
1970-80 |
1980-90 |
|
Asia | | |
|
Korea |
0.8 |
2.8 |
|
Taiwan |
5.1 |
3.9 |
|
Singapore |
0.7 |
1.6 |
|
Thailand |
1.2 |
2.6 |
|
Malaysia |
2.5 |
0.7 |
|
Indonesia |
3.1 |
-0.1 |
|
Philippines |
0.8 |
-2.2 |
|
India |
-0.9 |
2.1 |
|
China |
1 .1 |
2.8 |
|
Latin America | ||
|
Chile |
0.5 |
-0.1 |
|
Argentina |
0.1 |
-1.6 |
|
Mexico |
1.1 |
-2.1 |
|
Brazil |
0.4 |
-1.9 |
|
Colombia |
0.8 |
0.4 |
|
Peru |
0.3 |
-3 |
|
Venezuela |
-2.4 |
-0.6 |
Source: Computed by Hiroki Kawai of Japan Center for Economic Research, see Urata (1994, Table 1).
Table 29
Growth Poles: selected indicators across
districts
|
Paved road |
No. of bank density |
Students in rural | ||
|
District |
(km/sq. km) |
Agri. growth rate 1986-91. |
branches per sq. km |
primary schools per 100 rural pop. |
|
Dhaka |
0.12 |
1.30 |
0.12 |
15.57 |
|
Mymensingh |
0.06 |
0.28 |
0.03 |
10.24 |
|
Jamalpur |
0.06 |
0.16 |
0.03 |
9.70 |
|
Tangail |
0.07 |
0.38 |
0.04 |
11.84 |
|
Faridpur |
0.07 |
0.90 |
0.04 |
11.81 |
|
Chittagong |
0.08 |
-0.07 |
0.08 |
13.90 |
|
Chittagong hill tract |
1.21 | | | |
|
Noakhali |
0.08 |
0.77 |
0.04 |
13.06 |
|
Comilla |
0.09 |
1.32 |
0.06 |
12.29 |
|
Sylhet |
0.06 |
1.45 |
0.04 |
12.00 |
|
Rajshahi |
0.09 |
2.86 |
0.04 |
11.46 |
|
Dinajpur |
0.09 |
2.39 |
0.03 |
11.45 |
|
Rangpur |
0.07 |
-0.09 |
0.03 |
9.89 |
|
Bogra |
0.08 |
2.37 |
0.05 |
10.97 |
|
Pabna |
0.08 |
1.56 |
0.05 |
13.00 |
|
Khulna |
0.05 |
1.68 |
0.02 |
11.79 |
|
Barisal |
0.05 |
0.71 |
0.03 |
18.12 |
|
Patuakhali |
0.02 |
0.33 |
0.02 |
8.41 |
|
Jessore |
0.08 |
3.08 |
0.04 |
13.36 |
|
Kushtia |
0.09 |
2.18 |
0.05 |
13.10 |
a. Trend growth rate.
Source: World Bank data and Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh.
Table 30
Annual farm family income, agricultural
and nonagricultural
|
Ratio of Nonagricultural | |
|
Income to Agricultural | |
|
Country |
(percent) |
|
China (1985) |
32.7 |
|
South Korea (1985) |
55.1 |
|
Japan 11984) |
403.4 |
|
Malaysia (1979) |
39.2 |
|
Thailand (1978-79) |
61.2 |
Source: National yearbooks (various years); Osman and Rahman
(1981);
World Bank.
Table 31
Ratio of vegetable, fruit, and tree crops, to cereal and root crops (percent)
|
Country |
1969-71 |
1984-86 |
|
Japan |
84.2 |
96.8 |
|
South Korea |
43.4 |
104.8 |
|
Taiwan | |
42.4 |
|
Malaysia |
57.9 |
62.5 |
|
Indonesia |
15.4 |
16.4 |
|
Philippines |
37.5 |
46.5 |
|
Thailand |
20.8 |
20.7 |
|
Bangladesh |
16.4 |
10.7 |
|
Burma |
33 |
23.3 |
|
India |
44.7 |
45.5 |
|
Nepal |
8.7 |
11.7 |
|
Pakistan |
32.5 |
31 |
|
Sri Lanka |
34.5 |
55.2 |
Source: Sidhu and Sidbu
(19941.
