Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998): Part A - Introduction: 6. Recommendations of the workshop

Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998)

Part A - Introduction

		1. The freshwater imperative
		2. Objectives
		3. Organisation of the source book
		4. Survey methodology
		5. Results of the survey
		6. Recommendations of the workshop
		7. Information sources

6. Recommendations of the workshop

The participants in the Workshop:

· Felt that the source book would be of immense value to policy makers and practitioners in the field, realizing the depletion of water resources now and in the years to come.
· Suggested that the source book should highlight the sensitivity and limitations of the technologies mentioned. Recommended that the cost of the technologies should differentiate the capital and operation and maintenance costs.
· Recommended that the source book be disseminated to existing networks on water, health, and the environment (e.g., ENSICNET, CEHANET, INFORTERRA, etc.) rather than through new networks.
· Recommended that the source book have a specific section on water quality and a discussion of water quality issues related to the various technologies for fresh water augmentation in the Introduction.
· Agreed to recommend that every country introduce and adopt a Ground Water Act if one does not already exist.

TABLE 6. Summary of Freshwater Technologies and Related Issues.

TECHNOLOGY	SOURCE WATER/USE	EXTENT OF USE	EFFECTIVENESS	CAPITAL COST	OPERATING COST	MAINTENANCE COST	SKILLS REQUIRED	EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
RAINWATER JARS	Rainwater/domestic use	Extensive	Very high	$16/m³	0	$6/m³/year	Minimal	Small construction equipment
RAINWATER TANKS	Rainwater/domestic use	Less extensive	Medium	$24/m³	0	$8/m³/year	Minimal	Small construction equipment
SHALLOW WELLS	Groundwater/domestic use	Extensive but declining	High	$120/well	0	0	Minimal	Manual tools for digging and concrete work
IMPACT WELLS WITH HANDPUMPS	Groundwater/domestic use	Sporadic	Low	$200/well	0	0	Minimal	Homemade digging equipment and handpump
DEEP WELLS WITH HANDPUMPS	Groundwater/domestic use	Extensive	High	$16000/well	0	$80/year	Minimal	Drilling rig, piping and handpump
DEEP WELLS WITH ELEC. PUMPS	Groundwater/domestic use	Extensive, upgrade of Impact Wells	High	$2 400/well	up to $200/year	$80/year	Minimal	Drilling rig, piping, electric pump and accessories
PONDS	Rainwater/domestic use	Sporadic	Low	$3/m³ of earth moved	0	$20/year	Minimal	Traditional tools for earthwork
SPRINGS	Groundwater/domestic use	Sporadic	Low	$4 000/km of pipe	$1 000/year	$200/year	Medium	Tools for concrete work and piping
PIPED WATER, VILLAGE SUPPLY	Groundwater/domestic use	Extensive, upgrade of Deep Wells	High	$12 000 to $56 000/system	$1 000/year	$1 000/year	Medium	Tools for concrete work, piping, pumps, tanks, valves and other accessories
WEIRS	Streamflow/domestic and agricultural use	Extensive	High	$12 000/unit	$80/year	$80/year	Medium	Tools for wood and concrete work and some earthwork
SMALL RESERVOIRS	Streamflow/domestic and agricultural use	Extensive, but few sites remain	Low	$160 000/unit	$960/year	$80/year	Medium	Tools for woodwork, bamboo, gravel and stone