 | Private Sector Development in Low-Income Countries - Development in Practice (WB, 1996, 188 p.) |
 |  | Chapter 4-Building robust financial systems— difficult but pressing |
|
|
The path for reform
Building a robust and competitive financial system is difficult under the best of circumstances. It is particularly difficult and time-consuming when reforming public enterprises and building institutional and regulatory capacity is required not only in the banking system, but also in the legal system. Successful financial reform requires measures on the following fronts:
· Stopping the hemorrhaging of nonperforming enterprises, a major cause of the fiscal deficit and a good part of the assets of the banking system. To the extent possible, these enterprises must be privatized or liquidated (see chapter 3).· Privatizing the banks themselves and allowing new entry to create a competitive banking system. This is best done as part of an overall program to liberalize the economy.
· Building the financial infrastructure, notably a well-functioning payment and settlement system, prudential regulations and supervision, and the legal infrastructure that allows both borrowers and lenders to enter into flexible and secure transactions that are quickly and efficiently enforced.
· Undertaking a major training program to upgrade skills at all levels in all areas (managers, loan officers, accountants, financial specialists, economists, lawyers, management information specialists, and so on).
The path for reform will vary from country to country, depending on the condition of the banks and the overall market structure, the development of the private sector, the legal framework and institutional capabilities, and the political environment.
Often the most difficult aspect is to cut credit to unviable enterprises and to restructure, liquidate' or privatize the banks. The underlying problem is partly technical but mainly political. The commitment must come from within the country itself.
Until governments generate the consensus for the reform, donors should play a supporting role, not by funding cosmetic balance-sheet restructuring that removes the incentive for reform and aggravates the problem, but by concentrating on laying the groundwork for future reform. This includes backing small, well-designed technical assistance projects that strengthen the legal, accounting, and supervisory frameworks—and providing advice to the government and to key financial institutions.
TABLE A1.1 REAL GDP AND PER CAPITA REAL GDP GROWTH (average annual rates, in percent)
| |
Real GDP growth |
GDP growth |
Per capita real | |||
| |
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
|
Low-income countries |
5.2 |
5.4 |
5.1 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
-1.3 |
-1.5 |
-0.9 |
|
Reforming countries |
2.5 |
0.1 |
4.5 |
-0.7 |
-2.9 |
1.3 |
|
Burundi |
4.0 |
5.0 |
3.2 |
1.1 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
|
Gambia, The |
3.8 |
4.6 |
3.1 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
-.5 |
|
Ghana |
2.8 |
0.9 |
4.5 |
-0.4 |
-2.4 |
1.3 |
|
Guinea |
3.8 |
.. |
3.8 |
0.8 |
.. |
0.8 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
2.4 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
|
Kenya |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
0.0 |
-0.3 |
0.2 |
|
Madagascar |
0.2 |
-1.0 |
1.2 |
-2.7 |
-3.7 |
-1.8 |
|
Malawi |
2.5 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
0.7 |
-1.4 |
-0.2 |
|
Mauritania |
2.0 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
-0.5 |
-.6 |
-0.5 |
|
Mozambique |
2.1 |
4.4 |
7.6 |
-0.5 |
- .8 |
4.9 |
|
Nigeria |
2.0 |
-1.7 |
5.7 |
-1.2 |
-4.7 |
2.2 |
|
Sierra Leone |
1.3 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
-1.1 |
-1.8 |
-0.6 |
|
Tanzania |
3.5 |
1.6 |
5.5 |
0.5 |
-1.5 |
2.5 |
|
Uganda |
3.5 |
-1.1 |
5.5 |
0.6 |
-3.1 |
2.2 |
|
Zambia |
1.1 |
0.4 |
1.7 |
-2.1 |
-2.9 |
-1.4 |
|
Zimbabwe |
2.7 |
3.9 |
1.7 |
-0.5 |
0.4 |
-1.3 |
|
Other African countries |
1.1 |
3.0 |
-0.2 |
-1.9 |
-0.1 |
-3.2 |
|
Angola |
-0.5 |
.. |
-1 .0 |
-3.3 |
.. |
-3.8 |
|
Benin |
3.2 |
4.3 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
1.1 |
-0.9 |
|
Burkina Faso |
3.5 |
4.8 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
-0.4 |
|
Cameroon |
0.8 |
7.5 |
-5.0 |
-2.1 |
4.6 |
-7.7 |
|
Cape Verde |
5.3 |
6.3 |
4.4 |
2.7 |
3.8 |
1.8 |
|
Central African Republic |
0.8 |
2.2 |
-0.5 |
-1.8 |
-0.4 |
-3.1 |
|
Chad |
5.0 |
7.0 |
3.4 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
0.8 |
|
Comoros |
2.5 |
4.0 |
1.1 |
-1.1 |
0.4 |
-2.4 |
|
Congoa |
4.2 |
7 8 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
4.6 |
-2.0 |
|
Cd'lvoire |
0.2 |
1.0 |
-1.2 |
-3.9 |
-2.8 |
4.8 |
|
Djibouti |
0.7 |
1.8 |
-0.2 |
4.7 |
-4.5 |
-4.9 |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
4.5 |
.. |
4.5 |
2.1 |
.. |
2.1 |
|
Ethiopia |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
-1.3 |
-1.7 |
-0.9 |
|
Lesotho |
4.3 |
1.6 |
6.7 |
1.5 |
-1.3 |
4.0 |
|
Liberia |
-1.5 |
-1.6 |
.. |
4.2 |
4.5 |
.. |
|
Mali |
2.9 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
|
Niger |
-0.5 |
-1.4 |
0.2 |
-3.7 |
-4.7 |
-2.9 |
|
Rwanda |
1.9 |
3.4 |
0.7 |
-1.0 |
0.4 |
-2 1 |
|
Sao Tome and Principe |
0.1 |
-1.5 |
1.5 |
-2.0 |
-3.3 |
-1.0 |
|
Senegala |
2.6 |
3.3 |
2.0 |
-0.3 |
0.4 |
-1.0 |
|
Somalia |
2.0 |
2.9 |
0.7 |
-1.1 |
0.2 |
-2.4 |
|
Sudan |
2.1 |
1.6 |
2.6 |
-0.6 |
-1. 1 |
-0.2 |
|
Togo |
-0.8 |
0.2 |
-1.7 |
4.1 |
-2.8 |
-5.1 |
|
Zaire |
-0 4 |
2.3 |
-2 7 |
-3.3 |
0.9 |
-5.4 |
|
East Asia and the Pacific |
8.0 |
8.1 |
7.9 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.5 |
|
China |
9.5 |
9 8 |
9.3 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
7.8 |
|
Other East Asia and the Pacific |
4.1 |
1.8 |
6.2 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
3.7 |
|
Cambodia |
6.4 . |
6.4 |
3.0 |
.. |
3.0 | |
|
Kiribati |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
-1.4 |
-1.5 |
-1.4 |
|
Lao PDR |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
|
Mongolia | |
| | | | |
|
Myanmar |
2.2 |
3.9 |
0 7 |
0.0 |
1.7 |
-1.4 |
|
Solomon Islands |
6.6 |
8.7 |
4.6 |
3.4 |
5.3 |
1.6 |
|
Tonga |
1.9 |
3.7 |
1.0 |
2.3 |
3.7 |
1.5 |
|
Vanuatu |
3.1 |
4.4 |
1.9 |
0.7 |
1.9 |
-0.4 |
|
Viet Nam |
4.5 |
1.0 |
7.5 |
2.8 |
0.3 |
5.0 |
|
Western Samoa |
-0.3 |
0.2 |
-0.8 |
-0.7 |
-0.02 |
-1.2 |
|
South Asia |
5.2 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
|
India |
5.1 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
|
Other South Asia |
5.4 |
5.9 |
4.9 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
|
Afghanistan |
| | |
| | |
|
Bangladesh |
4.5 |
5.2 |
4.0 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
1.8 |
|
Bhutan |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
4.4 |
5.2 |
3.5 |
|
Maldives |
7.8 |
.. |
8.8 |
4.7 |
.. |
5.4 |
|
Nepal |
4.8 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
|
Pakistan |
6.0 |
6.6 |
5.5 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
2.3 |
|
Sri Lanka |
4.6 |
5.4 |
4.0 |
3.2 |
3.8 |
2.6 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
0.7 |
-0.3 |
1.6 |
-1.8 |
-2.8 |
-0.9 |
|
Bolivia |
1.0 |
-1.8 |
3.5 |
-1.1 |
-3.7 |
1.1 |
|
Guyana |
-0.8 |
-2.7 |
0.8 |
-1.3 |
-3.3 |
0.5 |
|
Haiti |
-1.5 |
-0.7 |
-2.2 |
-3.3 |
-2.5 |
-4.1 |
|
Honduras |
2.8 |
1.6 |
3.9 |
-0.4 |
-1.9 |
0.8 |
|
Nicaragua |
-0.8 |
0.2 |
-1.5 |
-3.4 |
-2.6 |
-4.1 |
|
Middle East and North Africa | | | | | | |
|
Egypt. Arab Rep. |
4.1 |
6.3 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
-0.1 |
|
Yemen, Rep. |
| | |
| | |
|
Eastern and Central Europe |
-4.5 |
3.3 |
-10.7 |
-5.7 |
1.8 |
-11.8 |
|
Albania |
-1.0 |
2.7 |
-4.1 |
-2.9 |
0.6 |
-5.8 |
|
Armenia |
-3.4 |
5.2 |
-10.8 |
-4.8 |
3.6 |
-12.0 |
|
Georgia |
-8.2 |
2.3 |
-17.3 |
-8.8 |
1.5 |
-17.6 |
|
Kyrgyz Republica |
0.7 |
4.0 |
-2.2 |
-1.0 |
2.0 |
-3.7 |
|
Macedonia, FYRa |
| | |
| | |
|
Tajikistan |
-2.0 |
3.6 |
-6.9 |
-4.7 |
0.7 |
-9.4 |
a. Lower-middle-income economy but eligible for access to IDA resources.Source. World Bank data.
TABLE A1.2 SECTORAL GROWTH RATES
(average annual
rates, in percent)
| | |
Agriculture |
|
|
|
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
|
Low-income countries |
3.9 |
4.5 |
3.3 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
|
Reforming countries |
2.5 |
1.5 |
3.2 |
|
Burundi |
2.7 |
4.1 |
1.5 |
|
Gambia, The |
4.5 |
7.4 |
1.0 |
|
Ghana |
0.9 |
-0.2 |
1.8 |
|
Guinea | | |
3.1 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
6.9 |
8.3 |
5.8 |
|
Kenya |
2.2 |
3.4 |
1.2 |
|
Madagascar |
2.1 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
|
Malawi |
3.8 |
1.6 |
5.8 |
|
Mauritania |
2.6 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
|
Mozambique |
2.6 |
1.8 |
3.4 |
|
Nigeria |
2.5 |
1.2 |
3.9 |
|
Sierra Leone |
2.6 |
1.9 |
3.4 |
|
Tanzania |
4.1 |
3.5 |
4.8 |
|
Uganda |
2.8 |
-1.3 |
4.5 |
|
Zambia |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
|
Zimbabwe |
0.9 |
5.3 |
-3.6 |
|
Other African countries |
1.3 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
|
Angola |
-0.7 |
-0.4 |
-1.2 |
|
Benin |
4.3 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
|
Burkina Faso |
3.1 |
5.0 |
1.4 |
|
Cameroona |
-0.8 |
3.6 |
-4.5 |
|
Cape Verde |
5.5 |
4.3 |
6.6 |
|
Central African Republic |
1.7 |
3.0 |
0.6 |
|
Chad |
5.1 |
2.0 |
8.9 |
|
Comoros |
2.9 |
4.1 |
1.9 |
|
Congoa |
1.8 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
|
Cd'lvoire |
0.0 |
-2.0 |
1.7 |
|
Djibouti | |
-3.4 |
-1.2 |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
| |
-0.7 |
|
Ethiopia |
1.1 |
-1.8 |
3.5 |
|
Lesotho |
0.3 |
0.03 |
-0.6 |
|
Liberia | |
| |
|
Mali |
3.4 |
3.0 |
3.8 |
|
Niger | |
3.4 | |
|
Rwanda |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
|
Sao Tome and Principe |
-0.2 |
-0.7 |
0.5 |
|
Senegala |
2.1 |
4.1 |
0.4 |
|
Somalia |
3.6 |
4.4 |
2.6 |
|
Sudan |
1.2 |
4.7 |
-3.0 |
|
Togo |
4.8 |
5.2 |
4.5 |
|
Zaire |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
|
East Asia and the Pacific |
5.3 |
6.9 |
3.9 |
|
Cambodia | |
|
5.0 |
|
China |
5.6 |
7.5 |
4.0 |
|
Kiribati | |
| |
|
Lao PDR | |
| |
|
Mongolia |
1.0 |
3.8 |
-0.3 |
|
Myanmar |
2.1 |
4.2 |
0.3 |
|
Solomon Islands |
| | |
|
Tonga | | | |
|
Vanuatu |
5.5 |
7.5 |
2.6 |
|
Viet Nam |
4.4 |
3.1 |
4.7 |
|
Western Samoa |
| | |
|
South Asia |
3.3 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
|
Afghanistan |
| | |
|
Bangladesh |
2.9 |
3.9 |
2.0 |
|
Bhutan |
4.2 |
6.0 |
2.7 |
|
India |
3.2 |
2.3 |
3.9 |
|
Maldives | |
| |
|
Nepal |
4.3 |
5.2 |
3.6 |
|
Pakistan |
4.4 |
5.3 |
3.6 |
|
Sri Lanka |
2.6 |
4.2 |
1.3 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
1.4 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
|
Boliviaa |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
|
Guyana |
1.3 |
0.7 |
1.9 |
|
Haiti | | | |
|
Honduras |
3.0 |
1.5 |
4.2 |
|
Nicaragua |
-0.4 |
-0.2 |
-0.6 |
|
Middle East and North Africa | | | |
|
Egypt, Arab Rep. |
1.9 |
2.7 |
1.2 |
|
Yemen, Rep. |
| | |
|
Eastern and Central Europe |
0.8 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
|
Albania |
0.3 |
2.7 |
-2.1 |
|
Armenia |
-3.9 |
2.2 |
-11 |
|
Georgia |
2.8 |
2.2 |
3.6 |
|
Kyrgyz Republica |
2.4 |
0.6 |
5.1 |
|
Macedonia, FYRa | | | |
|
Tajikistan |
-2.3 |
0.4 |
-5.2 |
a. Lower-middle-income economy but eligible for access to IDA resources.Source. World Bank data.
| |
Industry |
|
Services |
|
Population |
|
|
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
1981-93 |
|
7.6 |
7.3 |
7.8 |
6.7 |
8.0 |
5.6 |
2.0 |
|
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
5.0 |
3.0 |
|
0.7 |
-3.0 |
4.3 |
3.4 |
1.7 |
5.0 |
3.0 |
|
4.4 |
5.7 |
3.3 |
5.4 |
7.0 |
4.0 |
2.9 |
|
4.2 |
5.2 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
|
2.4 |
-1.8 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
3.4 |
7.8 |
3.3 |
| | |
4.4 | | |
4.4 |
2.8 |
|
1.3 |
5.1 |
-2.0 |
3.1 |
0.9 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
|
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
|
- .6 |
-2.8 |
1.2 |
-0.2 |
-1.9 |
1.2 |
3.0 |
|
2.8 |
1.0 |
4.3 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
|
3.5 |
6.1 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
-1 .6 |
3.5 |
2.5 |
|
-3.6 |
-17.1 |
8.1 |
6.8 |
1.5 |
11.3 |
2.6 |
|
-0.2 |
-5.0 |
4.6 |
3.4 |
0.4 |
6.3 |
3.0 |
|
-1.6 |
4.5 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
2.5 |
|
1.8 |
-3.3 |
6.9 |
1.7 |
0.6 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
|
6.1 |
-3.8 |
10.3 |
4.3 |
0.4 |
6.0 |
2.7 |
|
1.6 |
0.0 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
3.2 |
|
0.8 |
-0.2 |
1.8 |
3.7 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
|
4.0 |
7.1 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
3.5 |
0.5 |
3.0 |
|
10.7 |
8.7 |
14.9 |
1.0 |
-0. 1 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
|
4.5 |
7.6 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
|
3.7 |
2.4 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
5.9 |
3.6 |
2.7 |
|
2.5 |
12.5 |
6.1 |
2.2 |
8.2 |
-2.9 |
2.9 |
|
6.0 |
7.1 |
4.9 |
6.1 |
7.2 |
5.0 |
2.6 |
|
1.4 |
0.5 |
2.2 |
-0.3 |
1.3 |
-1.7 |
2.7 |
|
8.7 |
16.0 |
'-0.1 |
8.3 |
10.9 |
5.0 |
2.5 |
|
2.0 |
2.9 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
4.1 |
1.0 |
3.7 |
|
6.1 |
8.3 |
4.2 |
5.3 |
10.8 |
0.6 |
3.2 |
|
2.3 |
6.6 |
-1.5 |
-0.4 |
1.7 |
-2.1 |
3.8 |
| |
0.1 |
0.5 | |
-2.5 |
-1.3 |
5.4 |
| | |
10.4 | | |
7.3 |
2.2 |
|
1.2 |
3.8 |
-1.0 |
2.0 |
3.6 |
0.6 |
3.0 |
|
9.9 |
3.8 |
15.2 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
4.5 |
2.7 |
| | | | | | |
1.7 |
|
4.6 |
7.2 |
2.3 |
0.3 |
-1.1 |
1.5 |
2.7 |
| |
-3.0 | | |
-4.2 | |
3.3 |
|
1.2 |
2.7 |
-0.2 |
4.7 |
13.0 |
-3.6 |
3.0 |
|
-0.5 |
-0.7 |
-0.2 |
-0.4 |
-0.7 |
0.2 |
2.2 |
|
2.8 |
2.1 |
3.5 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
|
0.0 |
2.7 |
-4. 1 |
0.0 |
-0.4 |
0.4 |
3.1 |
|
4.2 |
5.6 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
0.1 |
4.2 |
2.7 |
|
-2.5 |
-2.6 |
-2.4 |
-4.2 |
-1.0 |
-7.0 |
3.5 |
|
1.2 |
3.1 |
-1.6 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
0.6 |
3.3 |
|
11.5 |
10.1 |
12.8 |
10.1 |
12.2 |
8.3 |
1.5 |
| | |
8.2 | | |
7.0 |
3.1 |
|
1 1.6 |
10.2 |
12.8 |
10.4 |
12.5 |
8.5 |
1.4 |
| | | | | | |
2.1 |
| | | | | | |
2.8 |
|
0.4 |
5.4 |
-1.7 |
2.9 |
8.6 |
0.4 |
2.8 |
|
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
2.0 |
3.4 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
| | | | | | |
3.0 |
|
-0.4 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|
12.6 |
9.9 |
14.7 |
3.6 |
5.5 |
0.9 |
2.6 |
| | | | | | |
2.2 |
| | | | | | |
0.4 |
|
5.9 |
6.4 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
2.2 |
| | | | | | |
2.5 |
|
5.1 |
3.9 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
7.5 |
5.0 |
2.3 |
|
14.2 |
15.3 |
13.4 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
7.4 |
2.1 |
|
5.9 |
6.6 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
2.1 |
| |
3.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
2.6 |
|
6.8 |
6.4 |
7.1 |
6.4 |
7.7 |
5.4 |
3.1 |
|
5.1 |
3.9 |
6.1 |
5.0 |
5.8 |
4.3 |
1.4 |
|
0.4 |
-1.8 |
3.1 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
|
-0 . 1 |
-5.9 |
6.9 |
0.6 |
-0. .5 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
|
-1.5 |
-6.5 |
2.7 |
-0.9 |
-1.8 |
-0.2 |
0.4 |
| | | | | | |
1.9 |
|
3.5 |
1.9 |
4.9 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
|
-1.7 |
1.1 |
-4.2 |
-0.4 |
0.3 |
-1.0 |
2.7 |
| | | | | | |
2.7 |
|
3.2 |
5.3 |
1.4 |
5.2 |
9.0 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
| | | | | | |
3.8 |
|
0.0 |
4.1 |
-4.8 |
0.3 |
3.6 |
-3.7 |
1.7 |
|
-6.1 |
3.0 |
-15.1 |
-0.5 |
2.5 |
-3.5 |
1.9 |
|
2.2 |
5.7 |
-2. 1 |
2.7 |
4.7 |
0.4 |
1.4 |
|
-3.0 |
3.3 |
-10.6 |
-3.5 |
1.5 |
-9.4 |
0.6 |
|
5.4 |
4.1 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
8.3 |
5.4 |
1.8 |
| | | | | | | |
|
3.2 |
3.8 |
2.4 |
5.5 |
6.9 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
TABLE A1.3 SELECTED SOCIAL INDICATORS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
| |
Percentage of age group enrolled in education |
|||
| |
Primary |
|
Secondary |
|
|
|
1970 |
1990 |
1970 |
1990 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
46 |
60a |
6 |
18 |
|
Angola |
75 |
91 |
8 |
12 |
|
Benin |
36 |
53a |
5 |
11 |
|
Burkina Faso |
13 |
29a |
1 |
8 |
|
Burundi |
30 |
50a |
2 |
6 |
|
Cameroonb |
89 |
76a |
7 |
28 |
|
Cape Verde |
66 |
95a |
16 | |
|
Central African Republic |
64 |
56a |
4 |
12 |
|
Chad |
35 |
38a |
2 |
7 |
|
Comoros |
34 |
75 |
3 |
18 |
|
Congob | | | | |
|
Cote d'Ivoire |
58 |
52a |
9 |
22 |
|
Djibouti | |
37a |
12 | |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
76 | |
16 | |
|
Ethiopia |
16 |
28a |
4 |
12 |
|
Gambia, The |
24 |
54a |
7 |
18 |
|
Ghana |
64 |
77 |
14 |
38 |
|
Guinea |
33 |
26a |
13 |
9 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
39 |
45a |
8 |
7 |
|
Kenya |
58 |
95 |
9 |
29 |
|
Lesotho |
87 |
70a |
7 |
26 |
|
Liberia |
56 | |
10 | |
|
Madagascar |
90 |
64a |
12 |
18 |
|
Malawi |
50a |
4 | | |
|
Mali |
22 |
19a |
5 |
7 |
|
Mauritania |
14 |
51 |
2 |
16 |
|
Mozambique |
47 |
45a |
5 |
8 |
|
Niger |
14 |
25a |
1 |
7 |
|
Nigeria |
37 |
72 |
4 |
20 |
|
Rwanda |
68 |
67a |
2 |
8 |
|
Sao Tome and Principe | | | | |
|
Senegalb |
41 |
48a |
10 |
16 |
|
Sierra Leone |
34 |
48 |
8 |
16 |
|
Somalia |
11 | |
5 | |
|
Sudan |
38 |
50 |
7 |
22 |
|
Tanzania |
34 |
51a |
3 |
5 |
|
Togo |
71 |
75a |
7 |
23 |
|
Uganda |
38 |
80 |
4 |
14 |
|
Zaire |
88 |
58a |
9 |
24 |
|
Zambia |
90 |
82a |
13 |
20 |
|
Zimbabwe |
74 |
116 |
7 |
50 |
|
East Asia and the Pacific |
88 |
97 |
24 |
47 |
|
Cambodia |
30 | |
8 | |
|
China |
89 |
98a |
24 |
48 |
|
Kiribati | |
| | |
|
Lao PDR |
53 |
59a |
3 |
22 |
|
Mongolia |
113 |
98 |
87 |
86 |
|
Myanmar |
83 |
97 |
21 |
24 |
|
Solomon Islands |
| | |
|
|
Tonga | | | | |
|
Vanuatu | |
| | |
|
Viet Nam | |
103 | |
33 |
|
Western Samoa |
| | |
|
|
South Asia |
67 |
88 |
25 |
39 |
|
Afghanistan |
28 |
24 |
7 |
9 |
|
Bangladesh |
54 |
69a | |
19 |
|
Bhutan |
6 |
25 |
1 |
5 |
|
India |
73 |
99 |
26 |
44 |
|
Maldives | |
| | |
|
Nepal |
26 |
61 |
10 |
30 |
|
Pakistan |
40 |
42 |
13 |
21 |
|
Sri Lanka |
99 |
107 |
47 |
74 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
81 |
69 |
22 |
32 |
|
Boliviaa |
76 |
82a |
24 |
34 |
|
Guyana |
98 |
112 |
55 |
58 |
|
Haiti | |
26a |
|
22 |
|
Honduras |
87 |
93a |
14 |
31 |
|
Nicaragua |
80 |
76a |
18 |
40 |
|
Middle East and |
| | |
|
|
North Africa |
64 |
97 |
30 |
71 |
|
Egypt, Arab Rep. |
72 |
101 |
35 |
81 |
|
Yemen, Rep. |
22 |
79 |
3 |
23 |
|
Middle-income |
| | |
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
83 |
70 |
17 |
36 |
|
Botswana |
65 |
96a |
7 |
43 |
|
Gabon |
85 | |
8 | |
|
Mauritius |
94 |
92a |
30 |
53 |
|
Namibia | |
81a |
|
41 |
|
Seychelles | |
| | |
|
Swaziland |
87 |
85a |
18 |
47 |
|
Middle-income East Asia and Pacific (high performing) |
85 |
98 |
21 |
49 |
|
Indonesia |
80 |
98a |
16 |
45 |
|
Korea, Rep. |
103 |
100a |
42 |
87 |
|
Malaysia |
87 |
93 |
34 |
56 |
|
Thailand |
83 |
99 |
17 |
33 |
a. Net enrollment ratio.b. Lower-middle-income economy but eligible for access to IDA resources.
Source: World Bank data.
|
Adult literacy (percent) |
Life expectancy at birth (years) |
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) |
Percentage of population with access to sanitation | |||
|
Female |
Male |
| | |
| |
|
1992 |
1992 |
1970 |
1992 |
1970 |
1992 |
1985-9 |
|
40 |
63 |
43 |
51 |
144 |
100 |
31 |
|
29 |
57 |
37 |
46 |
178 |
124 |
18 |
|
17 |
35 |
44 |
51 |
155 |
110 |
42 |
|
10 |
31 |
40 |
48 |
178 |
132 |
12 |
|
42 |
63 |
44 |
48 |
138 |
106 |
48 |
|
45 |
70 |
45 |
56 |
126 |
61 |
78 |
| | |
57 |
68 |
86 |
40 |
17 |
|
26 |
55 |
42 |
47 |
139 |
105 |
21 |
|
20 |
46 |
38 |
47 |
171 |
122 | |
| | |
47 |
56 |
140 |
89 |
83 |
|
45 |
72 |
46 |
51 |
126 |
114 | |
|
41 |
69 |
44 |
56 |
135 |
91 |
35 |
| | |
40 |
49 |
159 |
115 |
59 |
|
38 |
66 |
40 |
48 |
165 |
117 |
37 |
| | |
43 |
49 |
158 |
122 |
16 |
|
18 |
43 |
36 |
45 |
185 |
132 |
44 |
|
54 |
74 |
49 |
56 |
111 |
81 |
42 |
|
15 |
39 |
37 |
44 |
181 |
133 |
24 |
|
25 |
53 |
35 |
39 |
185 |
140 |
25 |
|
60 |
82 |
50 |
59 |
102 |
66 |
43 |
| | |
50 |
60 |
134 |
46 |
25 |
|
31 |
53 |
46 |
53 |
178 |
142 |
15 |
|
74 |
90 |
45 |
51 |
181 |
93 |
5 |
| | |
40 |
44 |
193 |
134 | |
|
27 |
46 |
38 |
48 |
204 |
130 |
23 |
|
22 |
48 |
39 |
48 |
165 |
117 |
23 |
|
21 |
46 |
39 |
44 |
156 |
162 |
24 |
|
18 |
44 |
38 |
46 |
170 |
123 |
10 |
|
41 |
63 |
41 |
52 |
139 |
84 |
15 |
|
39 |
67 |
44 |
46 |
142 |
117 |
58 |
| | | |
68 | |
65 | |
|
26 |
55 |
43 |
49 |
135 |
68 |
54 |
|
12 |
35 |
34 |
43 |
197 |
143 |
62 |
|
16 |
41 |
40 |
49 |
158 |
132 |
17 |
|
13 |
45 |
42 |
52 |
149 |
99 |
70 |
| | |
46 |
51 |
132 |
92 |
66 |
|
33 |
59 |
44 |
55 |
134 |
85 |
21 |
|
37 |
65 |
50 |
43 |
109 |
122 |
31 |
|
63 |
86 |
45 |
52 |
128 |
91 |
25 |
|
67 |
83 |
46 |
48 |
106 |
107 |
43 |
|
61 |
76 |
51 |
60 |
96 |
47 |
42 |
|
69 |
92 |
61 |
69 |
72 |
33 |
90 |
|
24 |
52 | |
58 |
105 |
60 |
15 |
|
68 |
92 |
62 |
69 |
69 |
31 |
97 |
| | |
42 |
51 |
161 |
116 | |
| | |
40 |
51 |
146 |
97 |
24 |
| | |
51 |
60 |
121 |
72 |
73 |
|
72 |
90 |
53 |
64 |
102 |
60 |
36 |
| | | |
62 | |
44 | |
| | |
|
68 | |
21 | |
| | |
|
63 | |
45 |
46 |
|
84 |
93 |
55 |
67 |
104 |
36 |
18 |
| | | |
66 | |
25 | |
|
33 |
61 |
49 |
60 |
138 |
83 |
18 |
|
15 |
48 |
37 |
43 |
198 |
162 | |
|
23 |
49 |
45 |
55 |
140 |
91 |
32 |
|
26 |
55 |
40 |
48 |
182 |
129 |
9 |
|
35 |
64 |
49 |
61 |
137 |
79 |
15 |
| | |
51 |
62 |
119 |
55 |
28 |
|
14 |
39 |
42 |
54 |
157 |
99 |
8 |
|
22 |
49 |
48 |
59 |
142 |
95 |
24 |
|
85 |
94 |
65 |
72 |
53 |
18 |
60 |
|
65 |
76 |
50 |
61 |
131 |
72 |
45 |
|
72 |
86 |
46 |
60 |
153 |
82 |
35 |
|
96 |
99 |
60 |
65 |
80 |
48 |
90 |
|
49 |
61 |
48 |
55 |
141 |
93 |
27 |
|
73 |
78 |
53 |
66 |
110 |
49 |
67 |
|
54 |
67 |
106 |
56 |
52 | | |
|
34 |
64 |
50 |
60 |
161 |
66 |
54 |
|
35 |
66 |
51 |
62 |
158 |
57 |
51 |
|
28 |
56 |
42 |
53 |
175 |
106 |
68 |
|
38 |
49 |
51 |
62 |
106 |
59 |
37 |
|
66 |
85 |
50 |
68 |
101 |
35 |
42 |
|
50 |
76 |
44 |
54 |
138 |
94 | |
|
75 |
85 |
62 |
70 |
60 |
18 |
98 |
| | |
48 |
59 |
118 |
57 |
15 |
| | | |
71 | |
16 |
65 |
| | |
46 |
57 |
145 |
108 |
40 |
|
82 |
93 |
52 |
64 |
95 |
48 |
61 |
|
77 |
91 |
47 |
60 |
118 |
66 |
44 |
|
95 |
99 |
60 |
71 |
51 |
13 |
100 |
|
72 |
89 |
62 |
71 |
45 |
14 |
94 |
|
92 |
96 |
58 |
69 |
73 |
26 |
74 |
TABLE A1.4 GROSS DOMESTIC INVESTMENT AND GROSS DOMESTIC
SAVINGS
(percentage of GDP)
| |
Gross domestic investment |
Crossdomestic savings | ||||
| |
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
1981-93 |
1981-86 |
1987-93 |
|
Low-income countries |
25.9 |
24.1 |
27.3 |
21.2 |
20.5 |
23.2 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
16.3 |
16.6 |
16.5 |
12.1 |
11.5 |
12.5 |
|
Reforming countries |
16.8 |
15.6 |
17.9 |
13.4 |
11.8 |
14.9 |
|
Burundi |
15.9 |
16.4 |
15.5 |
0.8 |
4.1 |
-2.0 |
|
Gambia, The |
18.9 |
19.0 |
18.8 |
6.4 |
6.2 |
6.7 |
|
Ghana |
10.7 |
6.3 |
14.4 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
|
Guinea |
16.0 | |
16.3 |
13.9 | |
13.4 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
28.5 |
27.2 |
29.6 |
-7.3 |
4.7 |
-9.6 |
|
Kenya |
22.5 |
23.1 |
21.9 |
19.9 |
20.7 |
19.1 |
|
Madagascar |
10.7 |
9.1 |
12.1 |
3.5 |
2.0 |
4.9 |
|
Malawi |
17.7 |
17.6 |
17.9 |
10.1 |
13.3 |
7.3 |
|
Mauritania |
27.1 |
31.9 |
23.0 |
7.4 |
3.0 |
11.2 |
|
Mozambique |
27.1 |
16.6 |
36.1 |
-9.0 |
-4.2 |
-13.1 |
|
Nigeria |
15.2 |
15.3 |
15.1 |
17.4 |
13.3 |
21.6 |
|
Sierra Leone |
12.3 |
13.5 |
11.2 |
7.9 |
7.0 |
8.7 |
|
Tanzania |
27.7 |
18.3 |
37.1 |
7.3 |
9.7 |
5.0 |
|
Uganda |
10.4 |
7.3 |
13.0 |
1.7 |
2.9 |
0.6 |
|
Zambia |
15.1 |
17.2 |
13.3 |
13.9 |
14.1 |
13.8 |
|
Zimbabwe |
20.6 |
19.6 |
21.6 |
19.6 |
17.9 |
21.1 |
|
Other African countries |
15.9 |
17.4 |
15.0 |
10.9 |
11.3 |
10.1 |
|
Angola |
15.5 | |
14.2 |
22.3 | |
24.1 |
|
Benin |
14.7 |
16.0 |
13.6 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
3.8 |
|
Burkina Faso |
20.5 |
20.0 |
21.0 |
-0.8 |
-4 .9 |
2.6 |
|
Cameroona |
20.8 |
24.8 |
17.4 |
21.5 |
29.1 |
15.0 |
|
Cape Verde |
43.8 |
54.0 |
33.6 |
-3.9 |
-5.4 |
-2.4 |
|
Central African Republic |
11.4 |
11.0 |
11.7 |
-0.8 |
-2.0 |
0.2 |
|
Chad |
7.7 |
5.9 |
8.9 |
-13.3 |
-11.6 |
-14.5 |
|
Comoros |
25.0 |
31.7 |
19.2 |
-3.3 |
4.1 |
-2.7 |
|
Congoa |
27.3 |
39.4 |
17.0 |
26.5 |
35.7 |
18.5 |
|
Cd'lvoire |
13.6 |
17.1 |
10.6 |
18.1 |
21.7 |
15.1 |
|
Djibouti |
18.3 |
22.4 |
16.5 |
-7.0 |
-3.5 |
-8.5 |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
22.0 | |
25.6 |
-8.7 | |
-9.5 |
|
Ethiopia |
12.8 |
12.4 |
13.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
|
Lesotho |
54.7 |
43.9 |
63.9 |
-64.7 |
-80.9 |
-50.7 |
|
Liberia |
11.8 |
11.8 | |
14.7 |
14.7 | |
|
Mali |
19.8 |
17.2 |
22.0 |
1.2 |
-3.5 |
5.2 |
|
Niger |
11.9 |
13.9 |
10.1 |
6.7 |
6.1 |
7.2 |
|
Rwanda |
15.1 |
15.6 |
14.7 |
4.7 |
6.1 |
3.4 |
|
Sao Tome and Principe |
41.2 |
37.6 |
44.4 |
-18.8 |
-17.6 |
-19.9 |
|
Senegal. |
12.2 |
11.3 |
12.9 |
3.5 |
0.4 |
6.9 |
|
Somalia |
26.2 |
26.4 |
25.8 |
-6.2 |
-9.7 |
-1.0 |
|
Sudan |
14.1 |
14.1 |
14.1 |
4.8 |
3.6 |
6.2 |
|
Togo |
23.5 |
25.3 |
21.9 |
15.5 |
18.8 |
12.7 |
|
Zaire |
11.9 |
10.7 |
14.4 |
10.7 |
10.2 |
11.9 |
|
East Asia and the Pacific |
34.0 |
31.4 |
36.4 |
29.2 |
31.0 |
32.7 |
|
China |
35.1 |
32.4 |
37.5 |
35.9 |
32.2 |
39.0 |
|
Other East Asia and the Pacific |
16.2 |
17.1 |
15.9 |
10.2 |
11.5 |
10.6 |
|
Cambodia | |
| | | | |
|
Kiribati |
35.8 |
35.8 | |
-48.9 |
-48.9 | |
|
Lao PDR |
10.2 |
6.7 |
12.3 |
-0.3 |
2.3 |
-1.9 |
|
Mongolia |
45.2 |
58.8 |
33.6 |
19.5 |
26.9 |
13.1 |
|
Myanmar |
15.3 |
17.8 |
12.8 |
12.1 |
12.9 |
11.2 |
|
Solomon Islands |
30.2 |
29.5 |
31.0 |
8.9 |
9.8 |
7.8 |
|
Tonga | |
25.3 | | |
-9.4 | |
|
Vanuatu |
32.4 |
18.7 |
36.7 |
9.4 |
6.7 |
8.6 |
|
Viet Nam |
16.4 | |
16.5 |
10.1 | |
10.8 |
|
Western Samoa |
32.1 |
30.0 |
34.1 |
-8.3 |
-8.4 |
-8.2 |
|
South Asia |
23.0 |
22.1 |
23.7 |
19.4 |
17.8 |
20.8 |
|
India |
. 24.1 |
23.0 |
25.1 |
21.8 |
20.3 |
23.1 |
|
Other South Asia |
18.1 |
18.2 |
17.9 |
9.0 |
7.0 |
10.8 |
|
Afghanistan |
| | |
| | |
|
Bangladesh |
13.1 |
13.7 |
12.6 |
3.2 |
2.0 |
4.3 |
|
Bhutan |
37.2 |
40.2 |
34.3 |
12.5 |
9.9 |
15.0 |
|
Maldives | |
| | | | |
|
Nepal |
20.4 |
19.5 |
21.2 |
11.7 |
11.8 |
11.6 |
|
Pakistan |
19.0 |
18.7 |
19.2 |
10.9 |
8.0 |
13.4 |
|
Sri Lanka |
24.6 |
26.5 |
23.0 |
13.4 |
13.4 |
13.5 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
16.6 |
16.1 |
18.1 |
8.0 |
10.1 |
7.3 |
|
Boliviaa |
11.9 |
10.3 |
13.2 |
8.7 |
10.8 |
6.9 |
|
Guyana |
33.3 |
30.2 |
36.0 |
21.1 |
15.6 |
25.8 |
|
Haiti |
14.2 |
15.5 |
12.2 |
4.9 |
5.7 |
3.8 |
|
Honduras |
17.8 |
16.3 |
22.6 |
13.1 |
11.6 |
17.2 |
|
Nicaragua |
20.9 |
21.2 |
20.7 |
1.8 |
9.8 |
-5.0 |
|
Middle East and North Africa | | | | | | |
|
Egypt, Arab Republic |
24.0 |
27.7 |
20.8 |
10.4 |
14.9 |
6.5 |
|
Yemen, Republic |
19.0 | |
19.3 |
-4.0 | |
-1.0 |
|
Eastern and Central Europe |
26.4 |
27.3 |
25.3 |
21.6 |
27.0 |
16.0 |
|
Albania |
28.3 |
34.1 |
22.4 |
17.8 |
32.4 |
3.3 |
|
Armenia |
26.3 |
26.6 |
26.0 |
20.1 |
32.5 |
9.5 |
|
Georgia |
24.0 |
24.8 |
22.9 |
25.4 |
27.6 |
22.2 |
|
Kyrgyz Republica |
30.8 |
30.9 |
30.6 |
18.2 |
19.3 |
16.9 |
|
Macedonia, FYRa |
| | |
| | |
|
Tajikistan |
27.7 |
29.3 |
25.8 |
17.7 |
20.2 |
14.7 |
a. Lower-middle-income economy but eligible for access to IDA resources.Source: World Bank data.
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