Residential and Non-Residential - Drinking water installations and drainage requirements in Nepal (MTC - SKAT, 1988, 188 p.): PART 3

Residential and Non-Residential - Drinking water installations and drainage requirements in Nepal (MTC - SKAT, 1988, 188 p.)

		(introduction...)
		INTRODUCTION
		FOREWORD
		PART 1 - DRINKING WATER INSTALLATIONS
		PART 2 - DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS
		PART 3 - DRAWINGS/DESIGN
		FURTHER READINGS
		FURTHER PUBLICATIONS ON THIS SUBJECT IN SKAT'S BOOKSHOP
		BACK COVER

PART 3 - DRAWINGS/DESIGN

TABLE 3/1 - APPARATUS REQUIREMENTS

GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED APPARATUS IN BUILDINGS

Object	unit	take graph for
		WC (commode)		urinals	showers
		ladies	gents	gents	ladies	gents
1. schools 2 offices	students employees	3-4 2-3	4- 5 3-4	3-4 2-3	2-3 -	2- 3 -
3 industries 4 hotel/rest.	Employees seats	2-3 3-4	3 - 4- 5	2-3 3- 4	6-7 -	6-7 -
5 restaurants 6 swimmingpool	seats locked boxes	4- 5 5- 6	5- 6 6-	4- 5 6-	- 5-6	- 5- 6
7 theatres 8 barracks	visitors persons	6 5	6-7 3-4	5- 6 3- 4	- 5-6	- 5- 6

Figure

The above indications are in accordance with international directions.

TABLE 3/2 - WATER CLOSET (COMMODE)

Figure

Example of Apparatus. Note: There are many different types and designs available on the market. The indications above are proposals. Actual dimensions of the apparatus and appliances (height, diameters, connecting accessories, etc.) have to be measured from the very apparatus to be fixed at the site, prior to fixing of pipes into the walls or floors.

Table 3/3 - WC FLOOR PAN

Figure

Note: This type of WC usually requires one additional coldwater tap (1/2”) fitted nearby at a height of approx. 400 mm.

TABLE 3/4 - WASHBASIN (LAVATORY)

Figure

TABLE 3/5 - BATHTUB

Figure

TABLE 3/6 - URINAL

Figure

TABLE 3/7 - URINAL (SMALL TYPE)

Note: The waste connection A must be out of the apparatus axis. As the distance of the wall to centre waste coupling is 50 mm only a normal bottle siphon as for washbasins can not be connected to this urinal.

Figure

TABLE 3/8 - KITCHEN SINK

Figure

TABLE 3/9 - BIDET

Figure

TABLE 3/10 - SHOWER

Figure

TABLE 3/11 - ROOM MEASUREMENTS

MINIMAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR APPARATUS AND PERSON

1 Washbasin	2 Hand - Washbasin	3 Urinal

4 Bathtub	5 Showertray	6 Bidet

7 Water - Closer	8 Water - Closet with Tank	9 Floor - Pan

TABLE 3/12 - ROOM MEASUREMENTS

MINIMAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR APPARATUS AND PERSON

1 WC + Handwashbasin	2 WC + Washbasin

3 Floor - Pan + Handwashbasin	4 Floor - Pan + Washbasin

5 Shower + Washbasin	6 Shower, Washbasin + WC

TABLE 3/13 - ROOM MEASUREMENTS

MINIMAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR APPARATUS AND PERSON

1 Bathroom with 2 apparatus	2 Bathroom with 3 apparatus

3 Bathroom with 3 apparatus	4 Bathroom with 3 apparatus

5 Bathroom with 4 apparatus	6 Bathroom with 4 apparatus

TABLE 3/14 - INSTALLATION SHAFTS

Figure

Principle Requirements to Shafts

1. To remain always easy accessible
2. Sufficient in width, min. 600 mm
3. Light provision (at least one socket)
4. Strong walls, so that water heaters can also be fixed.
5. Keeping all openings, until the pipes are fixed.
6. Apparatus to be fixed with its back towards the walls of the shaft (easy and economical pipe fixing).
7. If possible, keep floor level approx. one step lower; this facilitates the installations and accessability of siphons of shower trays and bath tubs.
8. Each room must have sufficient hot water, either by having it's own electric water tank, or through a central hot water system.

Caution

All openings in the floors have also to be sealed after completion of the installation works, for reasons of fire safety!

TABLE 3/15 - LAYOUT, EXAMPLE

LAYOUT AS REALIZED IN A HOTEL. INSTALLATION IN SHAFTS FACILITATES WORKS AND MAINTAINS EASY ACCESS FOR REPAIRS.

Figure

TABLE 3/16 - LAYOUT, EXAMPLE

TYPICAL BATHROOM REQUIREMENTS IN A HOTEL PIPELINES ARE FITTED IN A SHAFT AND REMAIN EASILY ACCESSABLE FOR REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE.

Figure

TABLE 3/17 - SYMBOLS

FOR MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS IN BUILDINGS

Scope:	These symbols are valid for the following installations in buildings:
	- Plumbing
	- Heating
	- Ventilating
	- Air conditioning
	- Refrigeration

SYMBOLS ARE DETERMINED ON THE BASE OF I S O STANDARDS. FOR UNIFORM PRESENTATION OF DRAWINGS OF INSTALLATIONS IN BUILDINGS.

1 BASIC + GENERAL SYMBOLS

1 1	Basic Symbols
1 11		Pipes	1 12	Direction of flow of pipe content (arrow)
1 13		Control valves Stop valves (i.e. gate valves, butterfly valves)	1 14	Apparatus (without rotating parts)
1 15		Apparatus (without rotating parts)	1 16	Indicating and recording instruments
1 2	General Symbols
1 201	Pipes
1		Pipe	2	Contents of pipe: Method A: Designation by printing the nature of contents above or in the line
3		Contents of pipe: Method B: Designation by different lines (example on the left)	4	Contents of pipe: Method C: Designation by coloured * lines according to the colour code used in the industries
5		Direction of flow of pipe content (arrow)	6	Duct
7		Crossing of two pipes without connection	8	Crossing of two pipes with connection
9		Branching pipe (Tee)	10	Pipe with slope
11		Flexible pipe	12	Insulated pipe
13		Heated pipe	14	Pipe with heating or cooling jacket
1 202	Pipe shown in plan
1		Change of level in the same level	2	Pipe going through
3		Pipe going down	4	Pipe going up
5		Indication of levels /= highest level
1 203	Pipe connections
1		Pipe socket	2	Flanged connection
3		Screwed connection union	4	Pipe coupling
5		Centric reduction	6	Excentric reduction (above)
7		Excentric reduction (below)
1 204	Expansion joints
1		Expansion joint (general)	2	U - bend
3		Slip joint	4	Bellow expansion joint (axial)
5		Bellow expansion joint (lateral)
1 205	Supports
1		Anchor point	2	Sliding support
3		Pipe support	4	Pipe hanger
5		Pipe hanger with spring	6	Sliding pipe hanger
7		Sliding pipe, hanger with guides	8	Rolling pipe support
1 206	Stop valves
1		Valve (general)	2	Angle valve
3		3 Way valve	4	4 Way valve
5		Valve	6	Gate valve
7		Stop cock	8	Pressure reducing valve
9		Non return valve (check valve)	10	Spring operated safety valve
11		Weight operated safety valve	12	Butterfly safety valve
13		Butterfly stop valve	14	Butterfly check valve
15		Butterfly throttling valve	16	Pipe vent
17		Funnel	18	Sight glass
19		Steam trap	20	Strainer
21		Water meter
1 207	Apparatus
1		Apparatus without rotating parts (with exact description)	2	Apparatus with rotating parts (with exact description)
3		Pump	4	Fan
5		Compressor	6	Motor
1 208	Measuring and sensing element
1		Measuring point	2	Temperature sensing element
3		Pressure sensing element	4	Flow sensing element
5		Humidity sensing element	6	Level sensing element
7		Built - in measuring device	8	Measuring orifice (measuring nozzle)
9		Flow limiting device	10	Indicating device
11		Recorder
1 209	Transmitters and controllers
1		Transmitter	2	Controller
1 210	Drives
1		Manual drive	2	Automatic drive (with auxiliary energy)
3		Direct drive	4	Weight operated drive
5		Float operated drive	6	Spring drive - operated
7		Piston drive operated	8	Diaphragm drive operated
9		Solenoid drive operated	10	Motor drive
1 211	Sources of energy
1		Solid fuel	2	Liquid fuel
3		Gaseous fuel	4	Electric power
1 212	Heat meter
1		Mechanical heat meter		Heat meter with electronic integration

2 PLUMBING SYMBOLS 2.1 Sanitary Fixtures	Connecting Values
	Soil + waste water		Drinking water
	Siphon	S- value	Valve	Units
1 Bath tub Figure	5/4 x 50 (or 57)	1	1/2”	2.0
2 Shower Figure	1 ¹/₂ “ x 50 (or 57)	1	1/2	2.0
3 Lavatory (wash basin) Figure	5/4 x 40 (or 32)	0.5	1/2	0.5
4 Bidet Figure	5/4 x 40 (or 32)	0.5	1/2	0.5
5 Water closet, low tank Figure	100 mm	2.5	1/2	0.5
6 Water closet, high tank Figure	100 mm	2.5	1/2	0.5
6a Water closet floor pan Figure	100 mm	2.5	1/2 Cleaning 1/2	0.5 tap: 0.5
7 Water closet with tank built into wall Figure	100 mm	2.5	1/2	0.5
8 Automatic water closet Figure	100 mm	2.5	1/2	0.5
9 Urinal, wall type Figure	5/4 x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
10 Service sink Figure	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
11 Laundry trough Figure	1 ¹/₂x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
12 Wash sink Figure	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
13 Wash fountain Figure	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
14 Single kitchen sink with drain board Figure	1 ¹/₂x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
15 Double kitchen sink with drain board Figure	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0	1/2	1.0
16 Washing machine Figure	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0 up to 6 kg	1/2	2.0
17 Clothes dryer (tumbler) Figure	1 ¹/₂x 50 (or 57)	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.
18 Centrifugal dryer (electric) Figure	5/4 x 40 (or 32)	0.5
19 Water heater Figure	Probably safety valve drainage	nil	As per total connected units of hot water taps
20 Gas water heater Figure			Gas
			Valve	m³/h
	N.A.	N.A.	As of indications on apparatus
21 Gas cooker Figure	N.A	N.A	1/2	as of indication on apparat.
			Drinking water
			Valve	Units
22 Automatic dish washer Figure	by hose pipe into kitchen sink siphon	not to be counted for, if fitted into sink siphon
	otherwise		1/2	1.0
	1 ¹/₂ x 50 (or 57)	1.0

2 2	Valves
1		Bib cock	2	Mixing valve
3		Compact mixing valve	4	Mixing valve with regulator
5		Hose bib	6	Bib cock with bypass and hose connection
7		Twin regulator valve	8	Mixing valve with bypass
9		Pillar tap	10	Mechanical mixer
11		Thermostatic mixer	12	Mechanical mixer with manual valves
13		Thermostatic mixer with manual valves	14	Mechanical mixer with regulator and manual valves
15		Thermostatic mixer with regulator and manual valves	16	Mechanical mixer with bypass
17		Thermostatic mixer with bypass	18	Shower

2 3	Drainage elements
2 31	Pipes
	Pan	Elevation
1			Clear waste water

2			Storm sewer

3			Sanitary sewer

4			Industrial sewer

5			Vent pipe
2 32	Pipe fittings
1			Pipe socket Pipe coupling
2			Pipe and with clean out
3			Clean out
4			Reduction; centric
5			reduction; excentric
6
7			S - Trap
8			Bottle trap
9			Horizontal trap
10			Floor sink without bottle trap
11			Floor sink with bottle trap
2 33	Collector, separators, wells, pumps
1			Collector (sludge separator)
2			Grease trap
3			Mineral oil separator
4			Fuel oil lock
5			Double non - return lock
6			Control well (open system)
7			Control well (closed system)
8			Sump pump (not for raw sewage)
9			Pump for sanitary waste vented

SYMBOLS FOR HEATING INSTALLATIONS
3 1	Boilers
1	Boiler for solid fuel	2	Boiler for liquied fuel
3	Boiler with fan assisted gas burner	4	Gas fuelled flow - heater with atmospheric burner
5	Dual fuel boiler vertical hot water storage tank mounted on top (capacity e. G. 120 litres)	6	Oil fired boiler with hot water storage tank (horizontal) mounted on top (capacity e.g. 100 litres)
7	Dual fuel boiler vertical hot water storage tank (vertical) mounted on side (capacity e.g. 200 litres)	8	Dual fuel boiler with hot water flow - heater
3 2	Storage heaters and heat exchangers
1	Electric storage heater with ceramic core power: e.g 50 kw	2	Electric storage heater for water capacity: e.g. 500 litres power: e.g. 10 kw
3	Electrically heated flow type water heater power: e.g. 5 kw	4	Horizontal water to water heat exchanger
5	Heat exchanger cooling the secondary circuit	6	Heat exchanger with co - axial tubes
7	Vertical hot water tank with fixed heating coil at bottom	8	Vertical hot water with removable heating call
9	Vertical hot water tank with double jacket!	10	Horizontal water heated steam generator with removable heating coil
11	Water heater in several segments

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING AND DESIGN

The following rules are general guidelines which may be altered when necessary to suit particular circumstances.

Additional basic principles will arise out of practical experience.

1. For representation in the drawings use only official and common symbols.

2. Consider always that lines in a drawing represent pipe lines and that the space required for pipes must be allowed for.

3. The sanitary installations of a building are a complete functional unit made up of supply and waste disposal pipe lines (water, waste water etc.). For correct installation, pipelines and apparatus must be shown in their proper relationship to each other in all drawings (top view, schemata and detail drawing).

4. Drawings should be complete, containing sufficient information for making the material list and for execution on the site. There should be no need for further inquiry at the design office.

TOP VIEW DRAWING

1. The scale for top view drawings, is normally 1:50.

2. The dividing line of storys (floors) for drawing in pipelines is top of floor level up to top of ceiling level.

DIVIDING LINE OF STORYS

3. Before starting to draw in pipelines, study carefully all top view plans and all building cross section drawings. A better knowledge of the building and of all its constructional details results in a faster execution and conformation of the pipe layout.

4. Preferably start the design from top to bottom (top floor to basement) and prepare a separate layout for each different apparatus group.

5. After the draft is completed the final design of the pipelines should be made in coordination with other installations (e.g. electrical, air condition etc.).

Figure

SCHEMATIC DRAWING

1. A representation of all installation parts in a three dimensional room is not possible on a 2-dimensional drawing therefore the best possible solution should be chosen.

2. A schematical drawing is made primarily to show the pipelines. Items of apparatus are of secondary importance and show for what purpose at which height, and how the pipes are connected to them,

3. The representation of the total pipe system should whenever possible be drawn acc. to the top view drawings of the architects. For example, where installation parts in the top view drawing are on the left side they should also be shown on the left side of the schematic drawing.

When items of apparatus in the plan view drawing are on top of each other (e.g. first floor, second floor) they should be drawn in same way in the scheme.

Figure

4. In all drawings pipelines should be represented in the same way as they later will be installed on the site. This applies for individual rooms as well as for the branches and tees.

5. In cases where apparatus is fitted on both sides of a wall, the development of the schematic drawing starts from the point where the pipes will be fitted. The view should, therefore, be from the wall on which the pipes are fitted (regardless of which wall has most apparatus).

6. The items of apparatus must be shown in order of their pipe connections (as they will be fitted at the building site). Apparatus fitted on the back of the wall will be drawn as it would be seen from the front. The same applies to the water connection pipelines. For mixing taps the cold water connection shall always be drawn on the right side, and the warm water connection on the left side.

Figure

7. The order of branches (waste water) and of tees (cold-, hot water), in the schematic drawing has to correspond with the order shown in the top view.

8. The height for fixing of apparatus, valves (armatures) and connecting places shall be to scale 1:50. The drawing of increased heights of storys should be avoided if possible (especially in cases where a greater concentration of pipes in basements may occur).

Figure

9. The sizes of all parts of valves and parts of water and gas pipelines must be given. When the connector pipe for the tap has the same dimension as the tap itself, it is not necessary to mention separately the dimension of this pipe.

Indications of dimensions shall be made in letters of sufficient height. Lines of reference to pipes should be of short distance.

Figure

For soil and waste water pipelines sizes must be given for:-

- all pieces of pipe between each branch,
- apparatus connectors, siphons, cleaning openings, reducers and connections to the ground pipeline.

The minimal inside diameter in mm (e.g. 100, 57, 44) or both inside/outside dia. (e.g. 100/110, 57/63, 44/50) should be indicated in letters of sufficient height.

Shifting of the axis (offsets) of leaders must be shown in the schematic drawing.

SCHEMATIC DRAWING

DETAIL DRAWING

There are many different stages of planning, from the very first thoughts up to the execution of an installation. One part of the planning is the detailed drawing which itself can have also different levels of detail.

A bathroom drawing can refer to:

Level 1:

Roomsize, items of apparatus and their center to center distance.

Level 2:

As above plus front view with the heights of the apparatus and the connections to the water and waste water system. The minimal space requirements of each individual item of apparatus may also be shown.

Level 3:

Top and front view of a bathroom in scale 1:10, using symbolic design for the apparatus and pipelines. The pipelines should be drawn in a single pencil or ink line with all necessary information about material and dimensions of the pipes. Further it should include the center to center dimensions and (in the elevation) all measurements of the different levels (heights of the apparatus, pipes, etc.). (N.B. one measurement line only for one apparatus)

Only absolutely necessary measurements should be shown in the drawing. With all this information, it should be possible to prepare a pre-assembly drawing and a detailed material list.

1. All dimensions (measurements) of the pipelines and apparatus in the top view drawing should be given from one side only and never from both sides of the walls.

2. All measurements, including the center to center distance of the apparatus and the stack (vertical waste water pipe) take their reference measurement from the same wall (as do all others risers and connections to the apparatus).

DETAIL DRAWING

3. Consider when working out the disposition of the pipelines, that the execution at site must be possible with standard available fittings.

4. For the center to center distance of apparatus and for pipe connections use only standard measurements with consideration for minimal space requirements (see Table 3/11 - 3/13).

DETAIL DRAWING

FIXATION OF PIPES EXAMPLES

All pipelines have to be fixed with adequate clamps, to hold the weights very well, (also when waste - lines are filled with water)

Materials: mild steel 2 - 3 mm thick, galv or painted

Clamp, cement fixation	Clamp, fixation with dowel

Clamp, with M.S. plate	Carrier

Bracket not recommended, there is no distance to the wall	Hanger

Front
	Combined system might be usefull in installation shafts, but only where not exposed to outside conditions.
Top

ABBREVIATIONS

i.d.	inner diameter
	diameter
N.D.	Nominal diameter
mm	millimeter
cm	centimeter
m	meter
l	length
h	height
x x 2	square
x x 3	cubic
A	surface
“	inch
'	foot
I.S.	Indian Standard
I.S.O.	Intl. Standard Org.
C.O.	Clean out
C.P.	chrome plated
WC	Water closet
Vent	Ventilation
U	Unit/used for dimensioning of drinking water
SV	S-Value (Sewer value) used for dimensioning of soil and waste water
l/s	liters per seconds
N.A.	Not applicable
>	larger than
<	smaller than
£	larger or same
³	smaller or same
S	sum, total

Conversion table sheet metal

Thickness in I.S.W.G.	Thickness in mm
30	0.314
29	0.345
28	0.376
27	0.416
26	0.457
25	0.507
24	0.558
23	0.609
22	0.711
21	0.812
20	0.914
19	1.015
18	1.218
17	1.422
16	1.625
15	1.828
14	2.040
13	2.337
12	2.641
11	2.946
10	3.250

I.S.W.G =	Imperial Standard
	Wire Gauge

DRINKING WATER DIMENSIONING

Table for dimensioning with units
A) For systems with roof tanks
(Head less than 40 meters)

LOADING VALUES AND DIAMETERS (G.I. PIPES)
PIPE DIAMETER IN INCHES	MAX. LOADING IN UNITS
1/2	0.5 - 2.0
3/4	2.5 - 4.0
1	4.5 - 10.0
1 ¹/₄	10.5 - 20.0
1 ¹/₂	20.5 - 40.0
2	40.5 -100.0

0.5 UNIT	1.0 UNIT	2.0 UNITS

B) For systems with pressure
(Head above 40 meters)

LOADING VALUES AND DIAMETERS (G.I. PIPES)
PIPE DIAMETER IN INCHES	MAX. LOADING IN UNITS
1/2	0.5- 2.5
3/4	3.0- 5.0
1	5.5- 12.0
1 ¹/₄	12.5- 25.0
1 ¹/₂	25.5- 50.0
2	50.5-125.0

SOIL AND WASTE WATER DIMENSIONING

Leaders (stacks), Main vent system

stack	max. permitted numbers				permitted loading
	SV		WC
i.d. in mm	Total	largest single SV	Total	per storey	Vs (l/s)
57	3-1)	1.0	-	-	1.3
69	7	1.0	-	-	2.0
80	20	1.5		-	3.0
100	70	2.5	14	6	4.2
118	100	2.5	20	7	5.0
125	150	-	30	10	6.1
150	400	-	80	22	10.0

1) max. 2 apparatus at 1 SV

0.5 S - VALUE	1.0 S - VALUE	2.5 S - VALUE

1) HORIZONTAL CONNECTOR PIPE, I.D 44 UP TO MAX 2.0 M

Branch- and connector pipes, without secondary vent.

i.d. in mm	max. permitted numbers SV	largest single SV
50	1	0.5
57	2	1.0
69	3-1)	1.5
80	6	1.5
100	15	2.5

1) max. 1 apparatus at 1.5 SV