People's Participation in Managing Common Pool Natural Resources : Lessons of Success in India (IRMA, 1992, 26 p.): References

People's Participation in Managing Common Pool Natural Resources : Lessons of Success in India (IRMA, 1992, 26 p.)

		(introduction...)
		Abstract
		Introduction
		A theoretical framework
		Methodology
		India's experience
		The Parwara van (forest) panchayat experience
		The Arabari experiment in joint forest management
		The Ralegan Siddhi project experience
		The Sukhomajri project experience
		The Mohini water co-operative experience
		Lessons and directions for future
		Acknowledgement
		References

References

Ballabh, V. & Katar Singh. (1988a). "Managing Forests through People's Institutions: A Case Study of Van Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh Hills". Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 43(3), pp. 296-304.

Ballabh, V. & Katar Singh. (1988b). "Van (Forest) Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh Hills: A Critical Analysis." Research Report 2. Anand: Institute of Rural Management.

Banki, Evan S. (1981). Dictionary of Administration and Management. Los Angeles, California: Systems Research Institute.

Buchanan, James M. & Tullock, Gordon. (1965). The Calculus of Consent. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Chandra, N. Satish & Poffenberger, Mark. (1989). "Community Forestry Management in West Bengal: FPC Case Studies." In K. C. Malhotra, K.C., and Poffenberger, Mark. (Eds.) Forest Regeneration through Community Protection: The West Bengal Experience.Calcutta: West Bengal Forest Department.

Chopra, Kanchan, Kadekodi, Gopal K. & Murty, M.N. (1988). Sukhomajri and Dhamala Watersheds in Haryana: A Participatory Approach to Management. New Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth.

Guha, Ramchandra. (1985). "Forestry and Social Protests in Kumaon." Guha Ranjit (Ed.) Subaltern Studies. IV. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Olson, Mancur. (1971). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Rev. Ed. New York:Schocken Books.

Pangare, Ganesh & Pangare, Vasudha. (1991). Participatory Rural Development - Ralegan Siddhi: A Case Study, Mimeo. Anand: Institute of Rural Management.

Patil, R.K. (1988). Ralegan Siddhi: An Experience in Watershed Development. Bombay: Centre for Applied Systems Analysis in Development.

Mandalia, V.K. & Charan, A.S. (1989). "Management of Water by Mohini Water Co-operative Society of Gujarat State". Unpublished paper, Surat: South Gujarat University. A summary published in Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, July-Sept.1989, p.288.

Sarabhai, Kartikeya V. et al. (1990). Buffer Zone Restoration in India: Issues and Approaches. Ahmedabad: VIKSAT in collaboration with Centre for Environment Education.

Singh, Katar. (1991). Managing Common Pool Resources: Principles and Case Studies. Mimeo. Anand: Institute of Rural Management.

Trembley, Marc-Adelard. (1982). "The Key Informant Technique: A Non-Ethnographic Application". In Robert G. Burgess. (Ed.) Field Research: A Source Book and Field Manual. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Yin, Robert K. (1984). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. New Delhi/London: Sage Publications.

Table 1 A profile of the selected cases

Particular	Parwara Van	Arabari	Ralegan	Sukhomajri	Mohini
	Water	Panchayat	Experiment	Siddhi	Co-operative
1. Uttar Pradesh	Location district West Bengal	Nainital district Maharashtra	Midnapur district Haryana	Ahmednagar district Gujarat	Ambala district
2. Year when the project was launched	1932	1972	1975	1979	1978
3. Number of villages covered	1	11	1	1	6
4. Total area covered under the project(ha)	249	1,272	972	4,085	525
5. Total population of the project area/ members (1981)	650	3,600	2,100	538	1,440
6. Source(s) of funds for the project Dept.	Villagers themselves FF	Forest Dept. & Rural Dev.	GOM,banks & Villagers	GOH GOG &	ICAR Members
7. Implementing agency Protection Committee & GOM	Van Panchayat organisations of villagers	Forest Society, GOH & ICAR	Various Co-operative	Water users'	Mohini Water
8. Government departments involved directly	Revenue & Forest	Forest & Forest	Agriculture	Forest	Irrigation
9. Project performance as perceived by local people and outsiders	Successful	Successful	Successful	Successful	Successful
10. Level of people's participation as	Medium to high	High	High	High	High

1. GOM = Government of Maharashtra
2. GOH = Government of Haryana
3. GOG = Government of Gujarat
4. ICAR = Indian Council of Agricultural Research
5. FF = Ford Foundation

Table 2 Some key determinants of people's participation in managing common pool natural resources in five selected cases

Determinant	Parwara Van Water	Arabari Panchayat	Ralegan Experiment	Sukhomajri Siddhi	Mohini	Co-operative
1.	Private net benefits from participation	High	High	High	High	High
2.	Stake of the co-users in the resource	High	High	High	High	High
3. Assurance about	High access to benefits from participation	Medium	High	Medium		High
4.	Quality of local leadership bad, now good	Initially good, then average	Initially good, now average	Good all through	Average all through	Initially good, now
5.	Waiting time till some benefits became available	Nil	Nil	One year	One year	Nil
6.	Size of the group of co-users of the resource	Large	Large	Large	Large	Large
7.	Composition of the group of co-users but domination by a single caste	Homogeneous	Heterogeneous	Homogeneous	Heterogeneous	Heterogeneous
8.	Existence of formal organisation of co-users	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
9.	Existence of rules forregulation of res use and distribution of benefits	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
10.	Legal back up of the rules	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
11.	Enforcement of the rules	Strict to lax	Strict	Strict	Strict	Strict to lax
12.	Extent of free riding and violation of rules	Medium	Low	Nil	Low	Medium
13.	Existence of penalties for violation of rules	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
14.	Role of government but paternalistic	Facilitative	Positive & facilitative	Positive & facilitative	Positive	Positive & facilitative
15.	Role of non- governmental organisation (external)	Nil	Nil	Positive & significant	Positive & significant	Nil