 | Obsolete Pesticides - A Dangerous Legacy - Results of a Pilot Project on the Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides (GTZ, 1999, 52 p.) |
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Reference Projects 1991 - 1999, last update: October 1999
Figure
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Year(s) |
Country |
Pesticides |
Quantity |
Status |
Type of intervention | |
|
1998-2000 |
Pakistan |
Various pesticides |
300 t |
ongoing |
Analytical survey, safeguarding and disposal operation; on behalf of The Royal Netherlands Embassy | |
|
1999 |
Democratic Republic of Congo |
Fenitrothion and other pesticides |
360 t |
request |
Analytical survey, safeguarding and disposal operation, prevention scheme | |
|
1995-1999 |
Mozambique |
Various pesticides and agrochemicals from a former pesticide formulation plant |
73 t |
completed |
Disposal operation | |
|
1998 |
Ethiopia |
Various pesticides |
Approx. 1500 t |
completed |
Participation in a task force of the FAO | |
|
1997-99 |
Madagascar |
Various pesticides |
80 t |
ongoing |
Disposal measure and prevention scheme; in cooperation with DPV, SDC, GCPF | |
|
1997-98 |
Pakistan |
Various pesticides |
470 t |
completed |
Analytical survey and risk assessment; on behalf of The Royal Netherlands Embassy | |
|
1996-99 |
Pakistan |
Gusathion Dimethoate and contaminated soil |
60 t* |
ongoing |
Safeguarding and disposal measure* | |
|
1992-97 |
Zambia |
Various pesticides |
337 t |
completed |
Disposal operation; in cooperation with FAO. | |
|
1994-97 |
Mauritania |
Dieldrin |
175 t |
completed |
Disposal operation; in cooperation with Shell International Ltd./UK | |
|
1992-96 |
Tanzania |
DNOC |
57 t |
completed |
Analytical survey, risk assessment and disposal of 57 tons in a cement kiln/Dar-es- Salaam; in cooperation with IRLCO-CSA | |
|
1996 |
Honduras | |
|
completed |
Assistance with construction of a pesticide store | |
|
1996 |
Mali |
Various pesticides |
70 t |
completed |
Survey and risk assessment; on behalf of StrFoundation (Norway) | |
|
1996 |
Nicaragua |
Various pesticides |
|
completed |
Safeguarding measures and backstopping of the disposal operation | |
|
1995-99 |
Namibia |
BHC |
208 t |
completed |
Analytical survey and risk assessment, appraisal (options for disposal), supervision of the disposal operation. Project in cooperation with AVCASA/RSA and the Namibian government | |
|
1995 |
Germany | |
|
completed |
International seminar in transportation and storage management of pesticides | |
|
1994 |
Mauritania |
Dieldrin |
30 t |
completed |
Survey, risk assessment and safeguarding | |
|
1994 |
Brazil | | | |
Strategy for an inventory of obsolete pesticide stocks in southern Brazil | |
|
1994 |
Mozambique |
Various pesticides |
510 t |
completed |
Countrywide survey. Bilateral project; in cooperation with DANIDA | |
|
1993 |
Albania |
Various products, ex German Democratic Republic |
460 t, 50% obsolete products |
completed |
Inventory and evaluation of options for disposal. | |
|
1993 |
Mozambique |
Monochrotophos/DDT and associated waste |
80 t |
completed |
Disposal operation | |
|
1992-93 |
Madagascar |
Dieldrin |
47 t |
completed |
Disposal operation; in cooperation with Shell International Ltd./UK | |
|
1992 |
Benin |
Contaminated soil |
16 m³ |
completed |
Appraisal (options for disposal methods) | |
|
1992 |
Sudan |
Methyl bromide |
40 t |
completed |
Appraisal (options for disposal) | |
|
1991 |
Morocco |
BHC |
1,800 t |
completed |
Analytical survey and risk assessment Appraisal of options for disposal; in cooperation with USAID | |
|
1991 |
Niger |
Dieldrin |
60 t |
completed |
Disposal operation; in cooperation with USAID and Shell International Ltd./UK | |
Literature
Bolwerk, R. (1992): Feasibility study for the disposal of DNOC at the TWIGA cement works in Tanzania; GTZ
Bolwerk, R. (1991): Feasibility study for the pesticide disposal at the ASMARA cement works in Morocco; GTZ
FAO (1999): Inventory of Obsolete, Unwanted and/or Banned Pesticides Stocks in Africa and the Near East; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; Inv-5-99: GCP/INT/650/NET
FAO - Pesticide Disposal Series 6 (1998): Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete and Unwanted Pesticide Stocks in Africa and Near East; Third Edition; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; Field document GCP/INT/650/NET
FAO - Pesticide Disposal Series 4 (1996): Disposal of Bulk Quantities of Obsolete Pesticides in Developing Countries; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; Field document GCP/INT/572/NET
FAO - Pesticide Disposal Series 3 (1996): Pesticide Storage and Stock Manual; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; Field document GCP/INT/572/NET
FAO - Pesticide Disposal Series 2 (1995): Prevention of Accumulation of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome; Field document GCP/INT/572/NET
Farmers Chemical Handbook 96; Meister Publication Company, Ohio, USA
GCPF (3/1999): “Obsolete Stocks of Crop Protection Products. GCPF Position”. www.gcpf.org
GCPF (12/1999): “GCPF and Obsolete Stocks - An Update”. Paper presented at the Fifth Conference of The Parties to the Basel Convention, December 6-12, 1999, Basel, Switzerland
GTZ & Shell (1993): Pesticide Disposal Madagascar, Video, 23 min.
Guenther, D., Schimpf, W. A., Vaagt, G. (1998): “Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides - joint solution for”; Pesticide Outlook, December 1998
Harnisch, K. (1991): onomie der Entsorgung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel; GTZ
Huden, G. H. (1990): Pesticide Disposal in a Cement Kiln in Pakistan: Report of a Pilot Project and Test Results from a Pilot Burn of Overaged Pesticides, D. G. Khan, Punjab, Pakistan; Agency for International Development, AID/OFDA; Washington, D.C.; USA, 1990
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety: The WHO-Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 1994 - 1995; WHO/PCS/94.2; Geneva/Switzerland
Jensen, J. K. (1997): “Pesticide Disposal in Developing Countries”. An international train-the-trainer course developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. www.epa.gov/oppfead1/international/disposal.htm
Schimpf, W. A. (1988): Destruction of Pesticides and Chemical Waste by Means of a Cement Kiln. Pesticide Management and Integrated Pest Management in Southeast Asia (edited by P. S. Teng and K. L. Heong), College Park; Maryland, USA, Consortium for International Crop Protection, pp. 423 - 433
Schimpf, W. A. (1990): Disposal of Pesticides and Chemical Waste in a Cement Kiln in Malaysia, Pesticide Disposal Conference; Niamey, Niger
Schimpf, W. A. (1993): Dieldrin-Entsorgung Madagaskar, Abschlussbericht, GTZ
Schimpf, W. A. (1994): Pesticide Disposal Management - Experience gained by the Pesticide Disposal Project of the GTZ, International Pest Management Congress, Symposium on Pesticide Disposal: Prevention and Management Strategy; San JosCosta Rica, 18 - 22 July
Schimpf, W. A. (1995): Lagerung von Pflanzenschutzmittel-Hilfsstoffen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der ehemaligen BASF-Formulierungsanlage in Chimoio/Mosambik - Situationsbericht; GTZ
Schimpf, W. A. (1995): Appraisal of the Situation of the Obsolete Pesticides in Keetmanshoop/Namibia and Approval of the Different Options of the Environmentally Sound Methods of Disposal; Final Report; GTZ
Schimpf, W. A.: (1995): L’mination des vieux pesticides et la dllution des sites contamina lumi de “l’mination de la dieldrine adagascar”, Symposium sur la lutte antiacridienne adagascar, Tul, Madagascar
Schimpf, W. A. (1997): Entsorgung von Pflanzenschutzmittel-Altlasten in einem Entwicklungsland: Erfahrungen mit der Verbrennung von Dinitro-o-Cresol in einer Zementfabrik in Tansania. Presentation in the Haus der Technik e. V.; Essen, Germany
Schimpf, W. A. (1998): Dieldrin Disposal Mauritania - Measure to secure and dispose of 220 tonnes Dieldrin and old pesticide containers in Mauritania (1994 - 1998); Final Report; GTZ
Schimpf, W. A. (1998): Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides in a Cement Kiln in Tanzania. 5th International HCH and Pesticides Forum; Leioa/Spain, 25 - 27 June
Schimpf, W. A. (1998): Physical Survey in Pakistan - Site Visit Report and Proposal for the Removal of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks in the Provinces of Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan; Final Report for the Royal Netherlands Embassy; Islamabad, Pakistan
Schimpf, W. A., Guenther, D. (1997): Enqu sur les pesticides obsols et les sites contaminpar les pesticides dans la Rblique Islamique du Mali. Rapport, GTZ and StrFoundation
Schimpf, W. A., Pancas, M. (1995): First nationwide survey to document old problem stocks of plant protection products in Mozambique. Unpublished, GTZ
Strotmann, C. (1999): Evaluierung des Projektes Entsorgung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Entwicklungslern, PN 90.2152.8-01.100, ARCADIS Grebner Umwelt GmbH, Mainz; GTZ
The Pesticide Manual: 10th Edition, Editor Clive Tomlin; Crop Protection Publication, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7PH, UK
The Pesticide Manual: 11th Edition; Crop Protection Publication; British Crop Protection Council; Surrey, UK
The Pesticides Trust (1999): “Pesticides Trust Activities in the area of prevention, management and disposal of obsolete pesticides”. In: Pesticides News N° 44, June 1999.
Glossary
|
Acaricide |
A substance or preparation that kills mites. |
|
Active agent |
The active component of a chemical plant protection product/pesticide (® formulation). |
|
Cement clinker |
The glassy, clinkerlike product of fusing together clay and limestone as the first stage in the manufacture of cement. The cement clinker from the rotary kiln is finely comminuted in roller or tube mills containing steel balls. This yields the extremely reactive product called cement. To obtain Portland cement, about 5 wt. % gypsum is added to the cement clinker. The essential starting materials for use in the production of cement are lime (chiefly calcium carbonate) and clay minerals (mainly alumosilicates), which must be mixed in the proper proportions. Depending on the type of cement to be produced, small amounts of magnesium carbonate, iron oxide and/or quartz are added. The ground stock is filled into the rotary kiln as raw powder and burnt to obtain cement clinker. |
|
Contamination |
Corruption of a substance or material with undesirable impurities/admixtures. |
|
Formulation |
Preparation of an ® active agent, usually in the solid or liquid state, together with correctives, according to a formula to obtain a commercial-grade plant protection product/pesticide. |
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Herbicide |
A substance or preparation used to destroy or inhibit plant growth (weedkiller). |
|
High-temperature incinerating plant |
High-temperature incinerators are a special combustion plant used for the environmentally sound destruction of hazardous waste. The temperatures of incineration prevailing in the rotary kiln and the downstream combustion chambers are selected to destroy the toxic contents of the waste material. This requires temperatures of 1,200°C and higher, an ample supply of oxygen via secondary air, and gas retention times in excess of 2 seconds in the combustion chamber. The stack gases resulting from the combustion process are passed through electrostatic dust control filters, and the gaseous pollutants are removed by stack-gas scrubbers. Additional steps are included to effect removal of organic residues, dioxins and furanes. The incineration of hazardous waste is subject to very strict (national and European) statutory limits. |
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Insecticide |
A substance or preparation used for the control of insects. |
|
Integrated plant protection |
A combination of processes and procedures designed to minimize the need for chemical pesticides by prioritization of biological, biotechnical, plant-breeding and crop/soil cultivation techniques. |
|
Isomers |
Chemical compounds that differ in their physical or chemical properties despite their mutually identical molecular compositions and relative molecular masses. |
|
Persistence |
Term used to express the stability of organisms and substances over time in a given medium. |
|
Pesticides |
Chemical and biological substances employed in averting biotic and abiotic detriment to plants. |
|
Pesticide resistance |
Hereditary resistance to pesticides on the part of certain subspecies, types or strains of causative organisms (pests). |
|
Rotary kiln |
Also referred to as “revolvers”, rotary kilns consist of nearly horizontal metal tubes measuring several meters in diameter and between 10 and 200 meters in length. They are lined with refractory bricks. A rotary kiln rotates slowly around its own longitudinal axis such that the top-loaded material slowly wanders toward the opposite - hot - end, which is heated by a flame that feeds on a lance-injected mixture of oil and air or coal dust and air. The hottest zone is near the flame, of course. In this area, called the sintering zone, the kiln run heats up to beyond 1,450°C, consequently undergoing chemical transformation. Rotary kilns serve in the manufacture of cement clinker and in high-temperature incinerating plants used for destruction of hazardous waste. |
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Toxicity |
The degree to which a substance is poisonous |
Abbreviations
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AVCASA |
Crop Protection and Animal Health Association (South Africa) |
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BMZ |
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development |
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DANIDA |
Danish International Development Assistance |
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DDRAP |
Direction du Dloppement des Ressources Agropastorales (Directorate of Agro-Pastoral Resource Development) |
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DPV |
Directorate of Plant Protection |
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ECZ |
Environmental Council of Zambia |
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EU |
European Union |
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FAO |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN |
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FRG |
Federal Republic of Germany |
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GCPF |
Global Crop Protection Federation |
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GDR |
German Democratic Republic |
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GTZ |
Deutsche Gesellschaft fhnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation) |
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IFCS |
Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety |
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IMDG |
International Maritime Dangerous Goods |
|
IRLCO-CSA |
International Red Locust Control Organisation for Central and Southern Africa |
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NGO |
Nongovernmental Organization |
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OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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RSA |
Republic of South Africa |
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SDC |
Swiss Development Cooperation |
|
UNDP |
United Nations Development Programme |
|
USAID |
United States Agency for International Development |
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WHO |
World Health Organization |
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WIS |
Waste Introduction System |