The Global Greenhouse Regime. Who Pays? (UNU, 1993, 382 p.): Part II Resource transfers: 6 North-South transfer: Notes and references

The Global Greenhouse Regime. Who Pays? (UNU, 1993, 382 p.)

List of contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part I Measuring responsibility

1 Introduction

(introduction...)

The greenhouse effect

What was decided at Rio?

Protocol negotiating difficulties

Key issues for climate change negotiations

References

2 The basics of greenhouse gas indices

(introduction...)

Apples and oranges

Implications

Conclusion: indices do matter

References

3 Assessing emissions: five approaches compared

(introduction...)

Introduction

Comprehensiveness compared

Accuracy by category

Regional and national emissions by source

Conclusions

References

Appendix A: Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions

Appendix B: Calculating cumulative and current emissions

4 Who pays (to solve the problem and how much)?

(introduction...)

Indices of allocation: a brief review

Accountability

Equity and efficiency

Conclusion

References

Part II Resource transfers

5 North-South carbon abatement costs

(introduction...)

Climate change convention

Method overview

Implications for the South

Notes and references

6 North-South transfer

(introduction...)

Obligation to pay indices

Redistribution of incremental cost

Benchmarks

UN scale of payments

Financing mechanisms

Conclusion

Notes and references

7 Insuring against sea level rise

(introduction...)

Insurability of losses

Oil pollution

Nuclear damage

Implications

The insurance scheme proposed by AOSIS

The Climate Change Convention

Notes and references

Appendix: Scheme proposed by AOSIS for inclusion in the Climate Change Convention

Part III National greenhouse gas reduction cost curves

8 Integrating ecology and economy in India

(introduction...)

Introduction

Emissions inventory

Energy efficiency and fuel substitution

Emissions and sequestration from forest biomass

Conclusions

References

9 Carbon abatement potential in West Africa

(introduction...)

Introduction

Long-term energy and carbon emissions scenarios

Options for rational energy use and carbon conservation

Economic opportunities for implementation

Policy issues for the region

Conclusions

References

10 Abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil

(introduction...)

Brazil energy economy

Energy subsector analyses

Changing land-use trends

Conclusion

References

11 Thailand's demand side management initiative: a practical response to global warming

(introduction...)

Introduction

End-use energy efficiency policies

Costs and benefits of the DSM master plan

CO2 reductions from the DSM Plan

Why should other developing countries adopt DSM?

The role of the multilateral development banks

Conclusions

References

12 Carbon abatement in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

(introduction...)

Energy-environment nexus

Scenarios for the future

Country results

Policy implications

Conclusion

References

13 Greenhouse gas emission abatement in Australia

(introduction...)

Abatement of energy sector emissions

Economic impact of abatement strategies

Non-energy emission abatement

Australia's international role

Carbon taxes, externalities and other policy instruments

References

Part IV Conclusion

14 Constructing a global greenhouse regime

(introduction...)

Conditionality and additionality

Technology transfer

Multi-pronged approach

Implementation procedures

Regional building blocks

North-'South' conflicts

Conclusion

Notes and references

Appendix: The Climate change convention

Introduction

Background

Climate change convention

Article 1. Definitions

Article 2. Objective

Article 3. Principles

Article 4 Commitments

Article 5. Research and systematic observation

Article 6. Education, training and public awareness

Article 7. Conference of the Parties

Article 8. Secretariat

Article 9. Subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice

Article 10. Subsidiary Body for implementation

Article 11. Financial mechanism

Article 12. Communication of information related to implementation

Article 13. Resolution of questions regarding implementation

Article 14. Settlement of disputes

Article 15. Amendments to the Convention

Article 16. Adoption and amendment of annexes to the Convention

Article 17. Protocols

Article 18. Right to vote

Article 19. Depositary

Article 20. Signature

Article 21. Interim arrangements

Article 22. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession

Article 23. Entry into force

Article 24. Reservations

Article 25. Withdrawal

Article 26. Authentic texts

Notes and references

1 See UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 1990, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990

2 See K Smith et al., Indices for a Greenhouse Gas Control Regime that Incorporate Both Efficiency and Equity Goals; report to Environmental Policy and Research Division, World Bank, Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 21, 1991; and Chapter 4 of this book

3 M Grubb, J Sebenius, A Magalhaes and S Subak, 'Sharing the Burden,' in I Mintzer (ed), Confronting Climate Change, Risks, Implications, and Responses, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992, p 321

4 See T Hyder, 'Climate Negotiations The North/South Perspective,' in I Mintzer (ed), Confronting Climate Change, ibid, p 328

5 W Nitze, 'Criteria for Negotiating a Greenhouse Convention that Leads to Actual Emissions Reductions,' International Challenges, volume 11, no 1, 1991, p 15; see also A K N Reddy, 'Barriers to improvements in energy efficiency,' Energy Policy, December 1991, pp 953-961

6 World Resources Institute, World Resources, 1992-93, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp 8; 236-7

7 G Piel, 'Agenda 21 A New Magna Carta,' Earth Summit Times, September 14, 1992, p 11

8 Scientists and technicians from UN Development Programme, Human Development Report, 1992, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p 190; population data from World Resources, World Resources, 1992-93, op cit (endnote 6), p 76

9 L Lunde, The North/South Dimension in Global Greenhouse Politics, Conflicts, Dilemmas, Solutions, Report 9, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker, Norway, 1990, p 17

10 Table 1475, US Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, recent annual editions, Washington DC

11 See the survey in S Barrett, 'Economic Instruments for Global Climate Change Policy', London Business School for Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris, 1990; a more accessible version is found in Barrett's 'Global Warming, The Economics of a Carbon Tax,' in D Pearce (ed), Blueprint 2, Greening the World Economy, Earthscan Books, London, 1991, pp 38-39. See also Price Waterhouse Government Liaison Services, Consultancy Report to Department of Arts, Sport, The Environment, Tourism and Territories on Carbon Tax, Canberra, ACT, June 1991

12 For a summary of eight carbon tax studies, see S Barrett, 'Global Warming, The Economics of a Carbon Tax,' in D Pearce (ed), Blueprint 2, ibid, pp 38-39

13 See J Epstein and R Gupta, Controlling the Greenhouse Effect: Five Global Regimes Compared; Brookings Occasional Papers; The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1990; D Victor, 'Limits of market-based strategies for slowing global warming: The case of traceable permits', Policy Sciences, volume 24, 1991, pp 199-222; A Markandya, 'Global Warming, The Economics of Tradeable Permits,' in D Pearce (ed), Blueprint 2, op cit (endnote 11), pp 53-62

14 For reviews of this experience, see E Meidinger, 'On Explaining the Development of 'Emissions Trading' in US Air Pollution Regulation', Law and Policy, volume 7, no 4, October 1985, pp 447-477; and T Tietenberg, 'Transferable Discharge Permits and the Control of Stationary Source Air Pollution: A Survey and Synthesis'; Land Economics, volume 56, no 4, November 1980, pp 391416

15 M Grubb and J Sebenius, Participation, Allocation and Adaptability in International Tradeable Emission Permit Systems for Greenhouse Gas Control, forthcoming in OECD workshop proceedings on greenhouse gas traceable permits, Paris, June 1991, p 4.

16 J Swisher and G Masters, International Carbon Emission Offsets: A Tradeable Currency for Climate Protection Services, Technical Report309, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 28 February 1989

17 Joel Swisher, personal communication, June 22,1992

18 W Makundi et al provide detailed estimates of current, committed and delayed carbon uptake and emissions in southern forests in Carbon Emissions and Sequestration in Forests: Case Studies From Seven Developing Countries, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, LBL-32119, UC-402 (draft), August 1992

19 See J Swisher and G Masters,'A Mechanism to Reconcile Equity and Efficiency in Global Climate Protection: International Carbon Emission Offsets,' Ambio, volume 21, no 3, April 1992, pp 154-159