(introduction...)

Integrated fish-duck farming

Raising ducks over fish ponds fits very well with the fish polyculture system as the ducks are highly compatible with cultivated fishes. The system is advantageous to the farmers in many ways.

Duke house on the pond

Duke house by the dike

1. When given free range over the pond surface, ducks fertilize the pond by their droppings. Ducks have been termed as manuring machines for their efficient and labor-saving method of pond manuring, resulting in complete savings on pond fertilizer and supplementary feed which accounts for 60% of the total cost in conventional fish culture.

2. Ducks keep water plants in check.

3. Ducks loosen the pond bottom with their dabbling and help in release of nutrients from the soil which increase the pond productivity.

4. Ducks, while swimming in the water, aerate the water and have been termed as blological aerators.

5. No additional land is required for duckery activities as the duck houses are constructed on the pond dikes.

6. Ducks get most of their total feed requirements from the pond in the form of aquatic weeds, insects, larvae, earthworms, etc. They need very little feed and farmers normally give kitchen wastes, molasses, rice bran, etc., for the purpose.

"Biological AERATORS; "

CULTURAL PRACTICES

Successful pond management is the basis of profitable fish culture. Build pond (about 1000 sq m) near your house, to enable you to take proper care of your ducks and fish and to discourage poaching.

Check the pond dikes and repair the damages, if any. Deepen the pond so that it retains more than 1 m depth during the dry season.

Drain or dry the pond and remove or kill all the remaining fish stock from the pond by applying 15 kg bleaching powder and 15 kg urea/1000 sq m.

Urea and bleaching powder may be applied one after the other and the dead fish netted out. Alternatively, 250 kg of Mahnood cake (Basia latifolia) may be applied which not only kills fish but also acts as pond fertilizer

Repair dike damage

Manure the pond with a basal dose of cattle dung @ 500 kg/1000 sq m. Stock the pond with fingerlings 7 days after poisoning as the toxicity of bleaching powder lasts for about one week. The fingerlings of over 10 cm size should be stocked as the smaller ones are likely to be preyed upon by the ducks. The recommended rantes of stocking (per 1000 sq m at a stocking denity of 600) are:

3 Species culture
Area	1000 m2
Stocking density	600
Catla	240
Rohu	180
Mrigal	180
4 Secies culture
Catla	180
Rohu	180
Mrigal	120
Common cam	120
6 Species culture
Catla	90
Rohu	120
Mrigal	90
Silver carp	90
Grass cam	90
Common carp	120

Some alterations can be made on the stocking density and species ratio depending upon the pond conditions and availability of seed.

Grass cam should be fed regularly with aquatic or terrestrial vegetations. The grass carp should be fed before the Indes are allowed to come out of the Inde house, otherwise they will spread the weeds over the entire pond surface.

Species carps

HARVESTING

The fish which attain marketable size should be harvested and the rest allowed to grow further.
Final harvesting may be done 10-12 months after stocking.

Calendar for duck-fish farming

DUCK FARMING

Egg-laying by ducks depends upon many factors, including breed and strain, but good management contributes considerably towards the achievement of optimum egg-flesh production.

The ducks do not need elaborate housing since they remain in the pond most of the day. A low-cost night shelter made of bamboo or any other cheap material should be available in the area either on the pond embankment or on the water surface. The house should be well-ventilated and so designed that the washings are drained into the pond.

About 30 ducks are sufficient to fertilize a pond of 1000 sq m; this number only needs a (house) floor area of 13-4 sq m. About 3-4 month-old ducklings are kept on the pond after giving them necessary prophylate treatment and safeguard against epidemic.

Water hyacinth

Chopped

dukes eating choped weater hyacinth

The ducks can find natural food from the pond. They will need very little supplementary feed which can come from household wastes, such as kitchen leftovers, rice bran, broken rice and spoiled cereals, if any. Alternatively, a balanced feed may be purchased and given @ 50 g/bird/day.

Ducks are susceptible to afflotoxicosis; therefore, mouldy feed or feed kept for long time should be avoided.

The ducks start laying at the age of 24 weeks. Laying boxes with straw may be kept in the duck house for egg-laying.

Proper sanitation and health care are very important to maintain a healthy stock. A sick bird is easy to detect: it becomes listless, its eyes lack brightness and watery discharge comes out of the eyes and nostrils. The sick bird should immediately be isolated and treated.

The eggs are collected every morning from the duck house as the ducks lay eggs only at night. The ducks lay eggs for two years; after two years, they should be culled.

Fish-duck farming material flow

Rupee budget for fish-duck farming in 0.1 ha pond.

COSTS
Pond preparation with 15 kg bleaching powder and 5 kg Urea at 4.15/kg	125
Manuring with basal dose of 500 kg cattle dung at 10/100 kg	50
600 Fingerlings at 250/1000	150
Net & labor for harvesting	300
Fish culture tools	25
	650
Bamboo duck house	300
30 Ducklings (4 months old at 20/bird)	600
810 kg feed at 3/kg	2,430
Medicines	20
	3,350
TOTAL COSTS	4,000
INCOME
Fish sale (400 kg 20/kg)	8,000
Egg sale (3100 100/100)	3 100
Duck sale (60 kg 20/kg)	1 200
TOTAL INCOME	12,300
BALANCE	8,300

Cash flow for integrated fish-duck farming for 0.1 ha. pond.

	AUG	SEPT	OCT	NOV	DEC	JAN	FED	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JULY
inflow	0	0	+225'	+275	+300	+300	+2300	+300	+2350	+350	+350	+5550
Outflow	-1658	-406 -	256	-256	-256	-256	-356	-256	-356	-256	-256	-377
Netflow	-1658	-2064	-2095	-2076	-2032	-1988	-44	0	+1994	+2082	+2182	7355

* Cash inflow starts from October when the ducks start laying.
** Cash inflow increases in February and April when partial harvesting of fish is done.

Integrated poultry-fish farming

Poultry raising for meat (broilers) or eggs (layers) can be integrated with fish culture, to cut down costs on fertilizers and feeds in fish culture and maximize benefits. Poultry can be raised over or adjacent to the ponds and the poultry excrete recycled to fertilize the fish ponds. Raising poultry over the pond has certain advantages: H maximizes the use of space, saves labor in transporting manure to the ponds and poultry housing will be more hygienic. No significant differences have been observed on the chicken's growth or egg-laying when they are raised over the ponds or on land. In case of the former the pond embankment could still be utilized for raising vegetables.

A. FISH CULTURE

1. Pond Preparation

· Remove predatory and weed fish either by draining the pond or applying of piscicide, such as Phostoxin/Qulckphos, at the rate of 1 tablet/23 cu m water.

· Apply 25 kg lime to pond bottom if the pond is dry, or dissolve lime in water and spray it if pond has water.

Pond Preparation

2. Stocking

· Stock 600-1,000 fingerlings of Indian carps catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), (Clrrhinus mrigala) and Chinese carps silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) and common carp (Cyprlnus carplo). Ratio of species could be 40% surface feeders (catla and silver carp), 20% rohu, 30% bottom feeders (mrigal and common carp) and 10% grass carp.

3. Feeding. No feeds need to be given, as the feed spilled by chicken (which could be as much as 10%) will be falling into ponds.

4. Fertilizatlon. No fertilizer is needed, excepting for excrete of chicken falling into ponds.

Fish

5. Harvesting. Harvesting of fish could start 6-7 months after stocking when some fish reach table size.

6. Oxygen depletion. When water becomes deep green due to plankton blooms, oxygen in the water may get depleted and fish may die. In such cases, put mats or plastic sheet below the poultry house to catch the chicken excrete. If possible, irrigate the pond with fresh water.

B. POULTRY RAISING

For the first 14 days, chicks need to be raised separately in a brooder (not on pond), as they need higher temperature of 28-33°C (85-95°F). Each chick during this period needs a space of 9 sq inches. To maintain the required temperature range, the chicks could be enclosed in a bamboo fence and hang an electric or kerosene lamp above them. A rice husk heater can also be used.

1. BROILERS: 30-50 broilers could be raised on 1000 sq m pond.

· The poultry house can be constructed over the pond at least 0.5 m above maximum pond water level, or on the embankment. Each bird requires 1.5 sq ft space (50 birds require 75 sq ft space). The house can be made of bamboo or any other locally available cheap materials. Roof can be covered with hay or some such material. Enough cross ventilation should be maintained to keep cool during hot days. Floor to be constructed with bamboo slats, with 1 cm gap, to allow excrete to tall all into pond, but not big enough for the chicken's feet to get caught in between and injured.

Figure

· Any fast-growing chicken, like Shavar Starbro broilers, can be raised.

· Feed with starter mash from 1-4 weeks and finisher mash from 5-8 weeks, given as much as they can consume. 100 kg starter mash requires 50 kg crushed wheat, 14.5 kg rice bran, 16 kg sesame oil cake, 19 kg. fish meal and 0.5 kg salt.100 kg finisher mash requires 50 kg crushed wheat, 17 kg rice bran, 15 kg sesame oil cake 16 kg fish meal, 1.5 kg. bone meal and 0.5 kg salt. In both cases, vitamin premix is added at the rate of 250
9/100 kg of feed.

· Water should be provided at all times.

House for 50 broiler chicken

Feed

2. LAYERS: 30-50 layers can be raised over a pond of 1000 sq m.

· Housing can be constructed on pond or on embankment. Each bird requires 3 sq ft floor area.

· Any good strain of chicken, like Star Cross Shavar, could be raised.

· For the first 16 weeks, feed is given at the rate of 80-110 g/day/bird and from 17th week onwards, 11012Og/day/bird. Feed composition is given in the following chart:

Housing

Feed composition

Ingredients	0-4 weeks	4-16 weeks	16 weeks above
Crushed wheat	46.0	46.0	44.0
Rice polish	20.5	24.5	29.0
Sesame oil cake	16.0	14.0	12.0
Fish meal	17.0	15.0	10.0
Bone meal	-	-	4.5
Salt	0.5	0.5	0.5

Vitamins premix @ 250g/100 kg feed

· Temperature maintenance. Temperature in the poultry house should always be above 20-22°C. When the temperature goes below this level, hang two 200-watt bulbs or two kerosene lamps for every 50 chickens. A rice husk heater can also be used.

· Production. Broilers reach market size of 1.5-1.8 kg in 7-8 weeks and it is possible to raise six batches in a year. Layers start laying after 22 weeks and 250-280 eggs/bird/year could be obtained. Egglaying becomes uneconomical after chickens reach the age of 18 months, when they need to be replaced.

Feed composition

· Poultry diseases. Because the chickens are usually kept in confinement, they are susceptible to disease. When disease strikes, the whole flock may be affected: growth will be retarded, egg production will be go down, or the chickens may die. Thus, broilers will not reach market weight in time. For layers, sexual maturity is delayed. Protective measures are needed.

Poultry disease and preventive treatment

Vaccinate Your Poultry

Vaccines can be obtained from the livestock office in your area, free of cost. The following are some reminders when collecting vaccines:

· Bring a good thermoflask and a little cotton wool.

· Do not waste vaccine. Obtain only the exact amount needed. Vaccine production costs a lot to the government.

· Store vaccines at low temperature, preferably in a refrigerator, to maintain their effectiveness.

Equipment Necessary in Vaccination

· Thermoflask of sufficient capacity to carry the vaccines.

· Nylon syringes—one or two, graduated at one ml intervals. Smaller-capacity syringe is preferable.

· Needles of gauge 20 or 21 and 14 or 15. Shorter needless of 1-2 cm length are preferable for poultry vaccination. A few large sewing needless suitably modified for Fowl Pox vaccination.

· A measuring cylinder.

· Two wide-mouth bottles: one to carry distilled water and the other to dilute vaccines, when necessary. These items preferably should be of nylon or polypropylene could be sterilized by boiling when necessary.

Reminders When Vaccinating Poultry

· Sterilize syringes, needless and all other equipment before using.

· Put ice cubes at the bottom of the thermoflask and a layer of cotton wool before placing the vaccine vial. Close the flash.

· Check vaccine if it looks all right. Do not use discolored or unusual-looking vaccines.

· Use distilled water purchased from a pharmacy when diluting vaccines, or boil clean water for 1015 minutes. Cool down then strain into a clean bottle

· When only a small amount of distilled water has to be added, draw the required amount into the sterile syringe and injected into the vial. Dissolve by vigorously shaking the vial.

· Pour the balanced amount of distilled water into the mixing bottle. Draw the dissolved vaccine into the syringe. Pour into the mixing bottle containing the balanced quantity of distilled water, thoroughly mix with a sterilized rod.

· In case of Fowl Pox, remove the required amount into a sterilized empty vial and use for vaccination. This prevents contamination and subsequent waste of surplus vaccine.

Do not spill vaccines. This could be fatal to chickens.

· Hold the needle with the knob. Do not touch the tip when assembling the syringe for vaccination. Contaminated needless should not be used until sterilized.

· Before vaccination, confine the birds, picking up one by one and releasing after vaccination. This makes vaccination easy and no bird is missed.

· Do not vaccinate birds suffering from disease or in a state of stress. Vaccinate them only when they are back to normal.

· Two vaccines should not be given the same day. A 10-day gap is needed between two successive vaccinations.

· Record data so that the next vaccination will be known.

· It leftover diluted vaccine can be used within a short period, it should be put in a clean polythene bag and placed in the flask containing ice.

· Wash all equipment used with soap and clean water, then sterilize in boiling water.

· Thoroughly clean empty vaccine viais. Return them to the Livestock Officer when collecting the next requirement of vaccines.

· Vaccinate birds on time.

Figure

C. COSTS

· A broiler farmer needs capital for investment for raising one cycle of broilers, which he can sell after 78 weeks. The sale proceeds can be used for the next batch.

· A layer farmer needs capital investment for chicken feed for the first 22 weeks. When the hens start laying, the farmer can use the sale proceeds from eggs for chicken feed.

· A broiler farmer needs capital for:

Chicken shed: TK 5,000; Life expectancy 3 years	1,667
Feeder and watered: TK 200; Life expectancy 4 years	75

Taka budget from 1,000 sq m pond in integrated poultry fish farming with 50 broilers.

COSTS
6 Batches of broilers (one batch is 53 days TK 15.00/chick, 6% mortality)	4,770
Feed (202.5 kg at TK 9.75/kg)	11,844
Vaccines	90
Fuel	240
Transportation	180
Lime: (25 kg. at TK 3/kg.)	75
Fish fingerlings (600 at TK 400/1,000)	240
Labor for netting	200
Total costs	17,639
INCOME
Broiler meat: (6 batches x 50 chicks x 1.5 kg x 52)	23,400
Fish (500 kg at TK 35/kg)	17,500
Total income	40,900
BALANCE	23.261

Taka budget from 1,000 sq m pond in integrated poultry fish farming with 50 layers over 18-month period.

COSTS
52 day old chicks (at TK 22 each, 4% mortality)	1,144
Feed:
8.5 kg/bird at TK 9 up to 20 weeks	3,825
120 g/bird/day at TK 7.75 from 20-72 weeks	16,926
Vaccine	200
Fuel	500
Lime: (25 kg. at Tk 3/kg.)	75
600 Fish fingerlings at TK 400/1000	240
Labor for netting	200
Total costs	23,110
INCOME
Chicken eggs (65% eve production 52 weeks x 7 days x 32.5 eggs x TK 2.4)	28,392
Chicken (50 birds x 2.2 kg x TK 45)	4,950
Fish (600 kg at TK 35/kg)	21,000
Total income	54,342
BALANCE	31,232

1 US$ - TK 38

Integrated fish-pig farming (1000 sq meter unit: India)

Fish-pig farming material flow

The raising of pigs can fruitfully be blended with fish culture by constructing animal housing units on the pond embankment or over the pond in such a way that the wastes are directly drained into the pond. The system has obvious advantages:

· The pig dung acts as excellent pond fertilizer and raises the biological productivity of the pond and consequently increases fish production.

· Some of the fishes feed directly on the pig excrete which contains 70% digestible food for the fish.

· No supplementary feed is required for the fish culture which normally accounts for 60% of the total input cost in conventional fish culture.

· The pond dikes provide space for erection of animal housing units.

· Pond water is used for cleaning the pigsties and for bathing the pigs.

· The system cannot be adopted in all parts of India due to religious consideration but it has special significance in certain specific areas as it can improve the socioeconomic status of weaker rural communities, especially the tribals who traditionally raise pigs and can take up fish-pig farming easily.

CULTURE PRACTICES

The ponds measuring about 1000 sq m may be located near your house, so that you can take care of the fish and pigs and can discourage poaching.

Check and repair the dikes. The pond should be deep enough so as to retain more than one meter water depth during the dry period.

POND PREPARATION

Drain and dry the pond to remove all the weeds and fish fauna remaining in the pond. If it is not possible to drain the pond, all the fish can be killed by applying 15 kg of both bleaching powder and urea for a 1000 sq m pond. Alternatively, 250 kg Mahua oil cake can be applied which kills all the fishes and also acts as organic pond fertilizer.

Pigs are brought to the pond before stocking the fish, so no basal application of manure is required.

STOCKING

Stock the pond with fingerlings 7 days after poisoning with bleaching powder. The recommended rate of stocking is:

6 Species

Catla	160
Rohu	160
Mrigal	120
Silver carp	160
Grass carp	90
Common carp	120
TOTAL	800

3 species

Catla	320
Rohu	240
Mrigal	240
TOTAL	800

6 species

Alterations can be made on stocking density and species ratio, depending upon the local conditions.

Grass carp should be fed regularly with aquatic or terrestial vegetation. Liming of pond is done at regular intervals. It helps in stabilization of organic matter. About 25 kg lime shall be required for one year.

HARVESTING

Due to abundance of natural food in the fish-pig pond, the fish attains marketable size within a few months. Partial harvesting, therefore, should be done 3 times depending upon the growth of fish and the final harvesting may be done after 10-12 months.

PIG RAISING

The number of pigs required will depend upon the pond area. The exereta of 3 pigs is sufficient to fertilize a pond of 1000 sq m. So, 3 pigs may be raised on a pond of 0.1 ha. As pigs attain slaughter size within 5-6 months and fish raising of Indian exotic carp is done for 10-12 months, two lots of pigs can be raised a long with one lot of fish.

Sample illustration of pig sty located on a pond dike

Illustration showing sloping floor

The pigsties are constructed on the pond embankments in such a way that the washings are drained to the pond through a delivery channel. A diversion channel is always provided to divert the excrete away from the ponds as the pond develops algal bloom or any other abnormality. Washings of pigsties are drained into the pond after sunrise to avoid oxygen depletion.

Calendar of activities for fish-pig farming

The pigsties can be constructed from any available cheap materials but the floor must be cemented with a slope towards the pond. Each pig is provided with a floor space of 1-1.5 sq m2.

Rupee budget of fish-pig farming in 0.1 ha pond.

Input	Rs
COSTS
Fish culture
Pond preparation with 15 kg bleaching powder and15 kg urea at 4.15/kg	125
Fingerlings (850 at 250/1000)	213
Liming (25 kg at 2/kg)	50
Nets and labor for harvesting	400
Fish culture equipment	25
Pond rental	300
	1,113
Pig raising
Pigsties	1,000
Fattening of two lots of piglets for six months each
a) First lot
Weaned piglets (3 at 30 each	90
Pig feed (540 kg at 2/kg)	1,080
b) Second lot	1,170
Medicine	40
	2,360
TOTAL COST	3,473
Interest on the working capital @ 15%	521
TOTAL OPERATIONAL COST	3,994
INCOME
Fish sale (600 kg at 20/kg)	12,000
Meat sale (300 kg live weight at 17/kg)	5,100
	17,100
Balance	13,106

Cash flow for integrated fish-pig farming For 0.1 ha. Pond.

	AUG.	SEPT.	OCT.	NOV.	DEC.	JAN.	FEB.	Mar.	APR.	MAY.	JUNE	JULY
Inflow	0	0	0	0	+2000	+2550	0	+2000	0	+2000	0	+8550
Outfkow	-1402	-375	-162	-172	-252	-262	-272	-262	-262	-262	-182	-111
Netflow	-1402	1777	-1939	-2111	-363	+1905	+1633	+3371	+3109	+4847	4667	+13106

* Cash inflow starts from December when the fish partial harvesting is done.
** Harvesting of 1 st lot of pigs increases the cash inflow in January.
*** Cash inflow in March. May is due to second and third partial harvesting fish.

Calendar of activities for fish-pig farming

August	Pond preparation, erection of pigsties, raising of piglets
September	Stocking fingerlings, fattening and care of pigs
October	Fattening and care of pigs and fish culture
November	Fattening and care of pig and fish culture
December	First partial harvesting of fish
January	Harvesting of first lot of pigs
Febnuary	Fattening of second lot of pigs
March	Second partial harvesting of fish
April	Fattening of pig and fish
May	Third partial harvesting of fish
June	Preparation for final harvesting of pigs and fish
July	Final harvesting of fish and second lot of pigs

Prepared by: S.D. TRIPATHI & B.K. SHARMA FARMER-PROVEN INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE: A TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION KIT (IIRR-ICLARM)

Backyard integrated pig-fish culture (100-150 sq m unit: philippines)

Integrated pig-fish culture is not a new concept; it has been practiced for many years in most of Asia. Raising pigs and fish at the same time has several advantages:

· Fish farmers can produce fish without feeding and hauling manure to fertilize the pond.

· Pig-fish culture maximizes land use by integrating two farm enterprises in the same area.

· The fish pond serves as a sanitary disposal place for animal wastes.

· Backyard integrated pig-fish culture provides additional income and a cheap source of animal protein for the family.

ESTABLISHING THE SYSTEM

1. Pond Construction

Establish the pond near a water source. However, the site should be free from flooding. Inlet and outlet pipes should be installed and screened.

One pig can sufficiently fertilize a 100-150 sq m pond with. its manure. The water depth should be maintained at 60-100 cm. With this recommended pond area and water depth together with the right stocking density, problems of organic pollution are avoided.

Pond Construction

A diversion canal can be constructed to channel excess manure into a compost pit or when manure loading needs to be stopped.

2. Location of the Pig Pen

The pig pen should be constructed over the dikes near the fish pond. Preferably, the floor should be made of concrete and should slope toward the pond. A pipe is necessary to convey the manure into the pond. An alternative design is to construct the pig pen over the pond. The floor is made of bamboo slats spaced just enough to allow manure to fall directly into the pond but not too wide for the feet of the pigs to slip into (thus, causing injuries). The pen should have a floor area of 1 m x 1.5 m for each pig.

Location of the pig pen option 1

Location of the pig pen option 2

3. Stocking

· Stock the pond with fingerlings once the pond is filled up with water. The recommended stocking rate are as follows:

Monoculture: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) -2 fish/sq m (3-5 g eve wt)

Polyculture	:200 fish/100 sq m (3-5 g eve wt)
	85% Tilapia(170 fingerlings)
	13% Common carp (Cyprinus carplo, 26 fingerlings)
	2% Snake heads (Channa striata) and
	Cat fish (Clarlas batrachus) - 4 fingerlings, 1-2 9 eve wt
Polyculture:	200 fish/100 sq m (Vietnam and Thailand experience)
	50% Pangaslus micronemus (100 fingerlings, 10 g)
	30% Tilapia (60 fingerlings, 3-5 g)
	20% Kissing gourami (Hllostoma temminckl) - 40 fingerlings, 1-2 g

· Stock the pig pen with 8-10 kg or 1 1/2 month old weanlings.
· Fish and piglets can be stocked at the same time.

4. Feeding

Feed the pigs twice a day. Supplemental feeds such as ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) or kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) may be given.

5. Harvesting

· Harvest the fish after 4-5 months. Collect fingerlings for the next growing season; sell the surplus. Partial harvesting for family consumption can also be done as needed.

· Sell the pig after 4-5 months..

· Scrape out the organic waste or mud on the pond floor and use as fertilizer for the vegetable crop.

LIMITATIONS

· High cost of inputs (feeds and weanlings)

· Consumers may be reluctant to eat fish produced in manure-loaded ponds, creating potential marketing problems.

· Farmers want their animals close to their homes (because of theft problems, and this may not be always possible.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME SOME OF THE LIMITATIONS

1. Raise crossbred/native pigs to reduce feed cost.

2. To make the harvested fish from manure-loaded ponds more acceptable to consumers, remove the socalled "muddy" or off- flavor taste by:

· Stop loading manure to the pond a few days before harvesting fish.

· Transfer harvested fish to a net enclosure installed in a clear pond at least 4-6 hours prior to selling or eating them.

Cost and return of the backyard integrated pig-fish culture (five months)

	COSTS
Pig component
Weanling	P 1,000.00
Commercial feeds	1,246.60
Medicines	34 00
Rice bran (25 kg)	87.50
Labor	300.00
Pig pen maintenance	50.00
Fish component
Pond maintenance	250.00
Fingerlings	40.00
	P 3,008.10
Income Output
Pig (1 head)	P 3,050 00
Fish (27.5 kg at 40/kg)	1,100.00
Fish fingerlings (1 ,100 at P.02/piece)	220.00
	P 4,370.00
Balance	P 1,369.90
Capital Investments (Fixed items)
Pig pen (P500 at 6 years)	P 500.00
Pond construction	200.00
Bucket	80.00
	P 780.00

Rate of return on investment = (1369.90 /780) x100 = 176%

Note:

* For P00 invested, the farmer gets P176.00
* Entire capital costs can be recovered in one production cycle and yet retain a surplus.
* U.S. $ 1. = P26

Prepared by: FRANK FERMIN

FARMER-PROVEN, INTEGRATED AGRICULTUREAQUACULTURE:
A TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION KIT(II RR- ICLARM)