Reversing the Spiral - The Population, Agriculture, and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa (WB, 1994, 320 p.): Statistical appendix

Reversing the Spiral - The Population, Agriculture, and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa (WB, 1994, 320 p.)

		(introduction...)
		Foreword
		Acknowledgments
		Acronyms and abbreviations
		1. Introduction
		2. Agricultural stagnation and environmental
		3. The demographic dimension
		4. The Nexus of population growth, agricultural stagnation, and environmental degradation
		5. The role of women in production systems
		6. A framework for action
		7. Reducing population growth
		8. Promoting sustainable agricultural development
		9. Infrastructure development, migration, and urbanization
		10. Managing the natural resource base
		11.Conclusion
		Statistical appendix
		Bibliography
		The Authors

Statistical appendix

Fig1.1 A-1 Basic Indicators

Fig1.2 A-1 Basic Indicators

Table A-2. Population Growth and Fertility Rates

	Average Annual Growth of Population (percent)
	Projected^a		Total fertility rate^b
Country	1965-80	1980-90	1990-95	1995-2000	1965	1990
Sub-Saharan Africa	2,7	3.1	2.9	2.8	6.6	6.4
Angola	2,8	2.6	2.8	3.1	6.4	6.5
Benin	2.7	3.2	3,0	2.7	6.8	6.4
Botswana	3.6	3.3	2.8	2.2	6.9	4.7
Burkina Faso	2.1	2.6	2.8	2.9	6.4	6.5
Burundi	1,9	2.8	3.1	3.1	6.4	6.8
Cameroon	2.7	3.0	2.9	2.9	5.2	5.9
Cape Verde	1.6	2.4	3.2	2 8	—	—
Central African Rep.	1.8	2.7	2.5	2.4	4.5	5.8
Chad	2.0	2.4	2.6	2.8	6.0	6.0
Comoros	2.2	3.5	3.5	3.3	—	—
Congo	2.8	3 4	3.2	3.2	5 7	6.6
Cote d'lvoire	4.1	3.8	3,5	3,3	7,4	6.7
Djibouti	—	3.3	3.1	3.1	—	—
Equatorial Guinea	1,7	1.9	2.2	2.3	—	—
Ethiopia	2.7	3.1	3.3	3.4	5.8	7.5
Gabon	3.6	3.6	2.7	2.8	4.1	5.7
Gambia	3.0	3.3	2.9	2.8	—	—
Ghana	2.2	3.4	3.1	2.9	6.8	6.3
Guinea	1,5	2.5	2.7	2.9	5.9	6.5
Guinea-Buissau	2.9	1.9	1.9	2.0	—	—
Kenya	3.6	3,8	3.5	3,3	8.0	6.6
Lesotho	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.5	5.8	5.6
Liberia	3,0	3.1	3,0	2.9	6.4	6.3
Madagascar	2,5	3.0	2.9	2.7	6.6	6.3
Malawi	2.9	3,4	3.3	3 3	7.8	7,6
Mali	2.1	2.5	2.9	3,1	6.5	7.0
Mauritania	2.4	2.4	2.7	2.9	6.5	6.8
Mauritius	1.6	1.0	0.9	0.9	4.8	1.9
Mozambique.	5	2.5	2,9	3.1	6.8	6-8
Niger	2.6	3.3	3.1	3.3	7.1	7.1
Nigeria	2.5	3.2	2.9	2.8	6.9	6.0
Rwanda	3.3	3.3	3.9	3.7	7.5	8.3
Sao Tome and Principe	2.1	2.7	2.6	2.4	—	—
Senegal	2.9	2.9	3,0	3.1	6.4	6.5
Seychelles	1.9	0.7	1.0	1.0	—	—
Sierra Leone	2.0	2.4	2.5	2.6	6.4	6.5
Somalia	2.9	3.1	3 0	3.1	6.7	6.8
Sudan	3.0	2.7	2.8	2.7	6.7	6.3
Swaziland	2 8	3.3	3.4	3.3	—	—
Tanzanda	2.9	3.1	3.0	3.1	6.6	6.6
Togo	3.0	3.5	3.3	3.1	6.5	6.7
Uganda	3,0	2.5	3,3	3.2	7,0	7.3
Zaire	3,1	3.2	3 0	2.9	6.0	6.3
Zambia	3 0	3.7	3.2	2.9	6.6	6.7
Zimbabwe	3,1	3.4	2.7	2.1	& 0	5.0
India	2.3	2.1	1.8	1.6	6.2	4.0
China	2.2	1.4	14	1.2	6.4	2.5

— Not available,
a. Projections are based on present trends; hence the slight decline in growth rates results only from the slightly declining trend in A few countries. The projections include the probable impact of AIDS. They do not include the impact of more successful population programs.
b. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children who would foe born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.
Source. World Bank 1992b, l993c, Bos and others 1992,

Fig A-3.1.Crude Birth and Death Rates, Infant and Child Mortality Rates, 1965 and 1990

Fig A-3.2.Crude Birth and Death Rates, Infant and Child Mortality Rates, 1965 and 1990

—Not available.
MRY Most recent year (usually 1990).
Source: World Bank 1992b, 1993a,

Fig. A-4.1.Population Estimates and Projections Based on Targeted Decline of 50 Percent in Total Fertility Rate by 2030

Fig. A-4.2.Population Estimates and Projections Based on Targeted Decline of 50 Percent in Total Fertility Rate by 2030

a. Assumes that a fertility transition will start in any country in the 5-year period when the combined male and female Life expectancy reaches 50 years, but in any case no later than in 2005. This implies that for SSA as a whole the TFR will be 50 percent lower during 2025-2030 than it is today.
b. even when the net reproduction rate (NM) reaches one, the age structure Is such that the number of women in, or yet to enter, their childbearing years causes total births to exceed total deaths. Populations will therefore continue to increase for considerable periods before reaching their hypotetical stationary levels.
c. Sub-Saharan Africa here excludes Namibia and South Africa.
d. Population estimates for Namibia (1980 and 1990), Rwanda (1990) and South Africa (1980 and 1990) as shown here and reported in World Bank I993b have been significantly revised since the publication of demographic projections in Bos and others 1992.
Source: Boss and others 1992, World Bank 1993b.

Table A-5. Contraceptive Prevalence Rates Required to Achieve Target Population Projections in Table A-4

	Estimated contraceptive prevalence rates(percent)
Country	1990	2020	2025	2030
Sub-Saharan Africa;	10.8	45.3	50.5	55.5
Angola	4.0	30,9	34.9	38.8
Botswana	35.8	63.5	68.1	72.8
Burkina Faso	7.0	36.2	41.0	45.7
Burundi	12.5	46.9	52.1	57.2
Cameroon	7.9	42.4	47.6	52.6
Chad	6.1	35.2	399	44.4
Cote d'lvoire	7.8	41.7	46.8	51.7
Ethiopia	4.6	27.6	31.9	36.4
Ghana	16.8	53.8	59.7	65.7
Guinea	7.4	48.7	55.2	61.6
Kenya	28.1	63.6	72.1	78.8
Liberia	11.3	49.8	56.5	63.4
Madagascar	6.7	49.2	563	63.4
Malawi	4.9	30.7	34.6	385
Mali	7.0	29.6	33.4	37.2
Mozambique	4.6	36 4	41.2	45.8
Niger	5.0	24.1	27.2	30.1
Nigeria	9.2	495	56.0	62.4
Rwanda	13.5	39.7	44A	49.1
Senegal	14.2	2.0	46.5	50.9
Somalia	5.7	33.4	38.3	43.2
Sudan	10.6	47.8	54 2	60.7
Tanzania	11.9	47.6	53.1	585
Togo	36.9	63.3	67.2	71.0
Uganda	7 2	40.1	45.7	51.4
Zaire	53	41.4	47.8	54.5
Zambia	8.2	41.,	47.6	533
Zimbabwe	45.8	72.8	77.3	81.9
India	37.7	64.2	61.4	64.8
China	81.2	85.0	82.6	82.8

a The estimated contraceptive prevalence rates (CPR) were derived by applying Bongaarts' model to available country specific information, including data on CPR, contraceptive m x and proportion married, with assumptions on likely changes. (For countries without such information proxy data from countries with a similar socio-cultural background were utilized.) The CPR estimates refer to the percentage of women aged 14-49 using contraception (both modem and traditional). For India and China, they refer to married women aged 15-44. Countries in this table are selected on the basis of the size of their population (over 5 million) and/or availability of information from Phase I of the Demographic and Health Surveys (Oct. 1984 Sept. 1989).
Source: World Bank; Demographic and Health Surveys, Institute of Resource Development

Fig.A-6.1.Demand for Contraception and its Components Among Currently Married Women

Fig.A-6.2.Demand for Contraception and its Components Among Currently Married Women

Table A-7. Developing Countries by Strength of Family Planning Programs, 1989

Strong	Moderate	Weak	Very week or none
Bangladesh	Algeria	Afghanistan	Argentina
Botswana	Chile	Angola	Bhutan
China	Colombia	Benin	Cambodia
El Salvador	Costa Rica	Bolivia	Chad
India	Cuba	Brazil	Gabon
Indonesia	Dominican Rep	Burkina Faso	Iraq
Korea, Rep. of	Ecuador	Burundi	Cote d'Ivoire
Mexico	Egypt	Cameroon	Kuwait
Sri Lanka	Ghana	Central Afr. Rep.	Lao, PD.R
Taiwan	Guatemala	Congo	Liberia
Thailand	(Guyana	Ethiopia	Libya
Tunisia	Honduras	Guinea	Malawi
Vietnam	Iran	Guinea-Bissau	Myanmar
	Jamaica	Haiti	Namibia
	Kenya	Jordan	Oman
	Korea, P.D.R	Lesotho	Saudi Arabia
	Lebanon	Madagascar	Somalia
	Malaysia	Mali	Sudan
	Mauritius	Mauritania	United Arab Emirates
	Morocco	Mozambique
	Nepal	Niger
	Pakistan	Nigeria
	Panama	Papua New Guinea
	Peru	Paraguay
	Philippines	Rwanda
	South Africa	Senegal
	Singapore	Sierra Leone
	Trinidad and Tobago	Syria
	Venezuela	Tanzania
	Zambia	Togo
	Zimbabwe	Turkey
	Uganda
	Uruguay
	Yemen
	Zaire

Bold type denotes countries in Sub-Saharah Africa.
Note :The maximum possible score for program effort was 120. Country program effort scores were divided into four groups: strong = 80+; moderate = 55-79; weak = 25-54; very weak or none = 0-24. The average score was 53.
Source Mauldin and Ross 1991.

Fig.A-8.Total Fertility Rates, Desired Number of Children, Infant and Child Mortality Rates, and Contraceptive
Prevalence Rates

—Not available.
a. Women aged 15-49
b. Based on 3 years preceding the survey, women aged 15-44.
c. Based on 5 years preceding the survey, per thousand
d. Children under 5 years of age.
e. Excluding prolonged sexual abstinence.
f. Excluding periodic abstinence, withdrawal, and "other" methods.
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, Institute of Resource Development/Macro International, Columbia, Md.

Table A-9, Performance of the Agriculture Sector

	Agricultural GDP, average annual growth		Agricultural share of GDP (percent)
Country	1970-80	1980-91^a	1965	1991^b
Sub-Saharan Africa	1,5	1.8	40	31
Angola	-	-0.5	-	13
Benin	18	4.9	59	37
Botswana	8.3	3,0	34	5
Burkina Faso	1.0	3.2	37	44
Burundi	3,2	3.1	-	55
Cameroon
Cape Verde	4.0	1.1	33	27
Central African Rep.	1.9	2.4	46	41
Chad	-0.4	3.4	42	43
Comoros	-	-	-	-
Congo	2.5	3.3	19	12
Cote d'lvoire	2 7	-1.2	47	38
Equatorial Guinea	-	-	-	-
Ethiopia	0,7	0. 3	58	47
Gabon	-	0.9	26	9
Guinea	3	1.2	44	53
Guinea-Bissau	-1.2	5,0	-	46
Kenya	4.8	3.2	35	27
Liberia	0 2	-	27	14
Madagascar	0.4	2 4	25	33
Malawi	4.4	2,4	50	35
Mall	4,2	2.4	65	44
Mauritania	-1,0	0.7	32	22
Mauritius	-3.3	3.2	16	11
Mozambique	-	16	-	64
Nigeria	-0.1	3,5	55	37
Rwanda	7,1	-1.5	75	38
Sao Tome and Principe	-	-1.3	-	-
Senegal	1.3	2,7	25	20
Seychelles	-	-2.9	-	-
Somalia	6 0	3.3	71	65
Sudan	33	-	54
Swaziland	-	3,9	-	-
Tanzania	0.7	4,4	46	61
Togo	1,9	5,3	45	5l
Uganda	-	2 5	20	30
Zambia	2.1	3 3	14	16
Zimbabwe	0.6	2.2	18	20
India	1.8	3 2	44	31
China	2.6	5.7	38	27

- Not available.
a. 1980-1988 for The Gambla,Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Swaziland; 1980-90 for Angola, Somalia, Uganda, Zaire
b. 1990 for Angola, Somalia,Zaire
Source: World Bank 1992b, 1993c.

Fig. A 10.1.Food Security Average per capita daily calorie supply data for 1986-89 divided by requirement established by WHO for each country

Fig. A 10.2.Food Security Average per capita daily calorie supply data for 1986-89 divided by requirement established by WHO for each country

Note: Food security is defined as access to enough food for an active and healthy life. The minimum dally calorie requirement to meet the energy needs of an average healthy person, as calculated by the World Health Organization for each country, Is taken Into account.
Source: Index of food production, cereal imports, per capita calorie supply 1965 from World Bank 1992b except for Cape Verde, Comaros, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Swaziland for which the source .Is World Bank 1989d Per capita calorie supply 1986 89 is taken from UNDP/World Bank 1992 (Table 13-8).

Table A-11. Crop Yields

	Cereals		Roots and tubers
Country	Tons/ha 1989	Average annual percentage change over 1964-66	Tons/ha 1989	Average annual percentage change over 1964 66
Angola	0.3	-4 .2	4,1	1.1
Benin	0,9	1.8	9,3	1.2
Botswana	0.3	-2.1	5.4	1.7
Burkina Faso	0.7	1.6	6.0	4.3
Burundi	1.2	0.8	8.1	0.0
Cameroon	1.3	2.0	2.6	0,3
Cape Verde	-
Central African Rep.	1.0	0.9	3.5	0.7
Chad	0 5	-0.5	5 5	1.3
Comoros	-	-	-	-
Congo	0.7	-2.0	6.4	2.1
Cd'lvoire	0.9	0.3	6.1	2.3
Djibouti	-	-	-	-
Equatorial Guinea	-	-
Ethiopia	1.2	2.0	3.3	-0.2
Gabon	1.4	0.4	6.2	1.1
Gambia, The	-
Ghana	1.0	-0.3	6.2	0.7
Guinea	0.9	--0.1	5.5	-0.6
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya	1.7	1.0	86	0.3
Lesotho	0.8	0.3	14.0	0.4
Liberia	1.2	1.3	7.2	1.0
Madagascar	2.0	0.2	6.4	-0.1
Malawi	1.2	0.6	3.1	-1.8
Mali	0,9	1,0	8.5	0.4
Mauritania	1,0	4,2	1.8	0,0
Mauritius	3,8	2,4	20.2	2.1
Mozambique	0,5	-3,0	6.3	0,7
Niger	0,4	-0,8	7.1	0,2
Nigeria	1.2	3.2	12.4	1.2
Rwanda	1.1	0 4	7.8	0.7
Sao Tomnd Principe	-	-	-	-
Senegal	0,8	1,7	4.3	0.5
Seychelles	-	-	-	-
Sierra Leone	1 4	0 2	3 3	-1.0
Somalia	0 8	2 1	10.4	0.2
Sudan	0.4	-2,4	2.2	-1.4
Swaziland	-	-	-	-
Tanzania	1,5	3,6	7,3	2.7
Togo	0,9	1,6	8,3	-2.7
'arnda	0,5	0 6	7,35	o20 4
Zambia	1,7	4 6	3 7	0.5
Zimbabwe	1.5	0 7	4 8	0.9
India	2.0	2.8	15.7	2.2
China	4,0	3.9	15.0	1.9

- Not available.
Source: World flank 1992b (pp. 202- 103),

Table A-12. Growth Rates of Average Yields of Major Cereal and Export Crops - 6

Average annual growth reale (percents)

	Major cereal crop			Major export crop
Country/crops	1975-80	1980-85	1986 -MRY	1975-80	1975-80	1980-85
Angola
Angola (make, coffee)	- 6 .1	- 4 .5	- 6.9 .9	-21.4	-19.7	-14.3
Benin (make, cotton)	1.2	3.8	7.0	-2.0	13.6	- 0 8
Botswana (maize, n.a)	-28 7	-11.9	-16.2	-	-	-
Barkina Faso (make, cotton)	7.4	-1.9	7.7	5.5	7.3	-5.3
Burundi (maize, coffee)	-1.3	0.6	- 0.8 8	4.2	9.6	-1.3
Cameroon (maize, coffee)	-7.3	0.3	4 0	2.8	0 6	-10.3
Central African Rep. (maize, coffee)	-2 4	16.9	- 4.6 5	-1.0	1.6	4.4
Chad (sorghum, cotton)	- 0.8	-1.8	0	2.0	6.9	-4.8
Congo (maize, coffee)	3.7	-4.5	7 4	18 7	10	16.2
Cote d'lvoire maize coffee)	6.3	1.8	-12	- 6 5	-10 8	- 8.4
Equatorial Guinea (n a, coffee)	-	-	-	0 8	1.4	0 0
Ethiopia (malze,coffee)	-2 5	-5.1	1 2	3 7	1.0	3 2
Gabon (maize, coffee)	4.1	- 3.0	7.6	1 6	9 9	2 9
Gambia, The (rice, groundnuts)	7 3	5 9	- 0 5	- 9.3	3.4	0 9
Ghana (maize, cocoa)	-2.9	- 0.5	5.9	-3 6	-1.0	1 12
Guinea (maize coffee)	-3.3	2.4	- 0.1	- 0.1	-3.7	-2.2
Guinea-Blssau (rice, groundnuts)	6 6	6 2	4 5	-3 5	5.1	2.5
Kenya (maize, coffee)	-7 2	4.0	-1 3	3 9	-5.9	- 0.6
Lesatho (maize,wheat)	11.4	-4.6	63	38	-123	3.5
Liberia (rice, coffee)	0.5	0.0	- 1.00	7 5	3.9	-23.2
Madagascar (rice,coffee)	-1.4	1,5	3,3	-1,7	-1.1	0.6
Malawi (maize, tea)	3.5	- 0.1	4.3	1.6	1.1	18
Mali (sorghum, cotton)	0.6	8.6	3,0	1,2	2.6	- 3.1
Mauritania (sorghum, n.a)	-12.8	- 4.11	-5.8	-	-	-
Mauritius (potatoes, sugarcane)	1.7	8.7	0.3	1.1	2.1	-3.7
Mozambique(malze,catton)	4,7	-2,7	0.0	1.3	-7,4	-11.8
Namibia (maize, wheat)	- 0,9	0.6	2,9	0 0	4 3	-53
Niger (sorghum, groundnuts)	6.3	-10,2	- 0.2	28.7	-11.5	9.2
Nlgeria (maize, cocoa)	-1.3	-5.2	1.5	- 4.5 .5	- 6.7 7	5.
Rwanda (maize, coffee)	1.4	0,5	0.4	3,3	2.2	7.9
Senegal (maize, cotton)	- 6.5 .5	9.7	6.4	-3.7	-1.4	7.6
Sierra Leone (rice, coffee)	- 3.8	2.5	- 4.3	13.7	-11.2	-17.8
Somalia (maize, bananas)	-1.4	8.5	-6.7	1.0	-0.1	-0.8
Sudan (sorghum, cotton)	-2.7	-9,1	-4.8 .8	-4 .5	20.0	5 3
Swaziland (make, cotton)	-3.6	-0.8	7.7	6.4	-1.5	0.0
Tanzania (maize, coffee)	1.0	1.1	9.7	-1.8	-0.4	-8.3
Togo (maize, coffee)	-0.8	-1.5	20.9	-5.7	-13.1	4.6
Uganda (maize, coffee)	1.1	-3.1	2.7	-8.3	4.9	10.2
Zaire (maize, coffee}	2.1	1.0	2.4	-4.3	-0.2	0.4
Zambia (maize, cotton)	3.3	0.9	3.9	-5 4	115	-25
Zimbawe(rnaize,cotton)	- 6.0 ,0	-1.5	1.1	0.8	3,3	-15.0

The fuelwood supply-demand balance is defined as the iincrease in the stock of
fuelwood minus the total utilization of fuelwood in the same year. Source FAO.

Table A 27. Extent of Soil Degradation in Major Regions of the World, Early 1980s

	Ratio of official producers price to international reference price
	Average	Average	Average
Coutry	Crop	1980-85	1986-MRY	1975-79
Angola	Coffee	0.22	0.45	0.96
Benin	Cotton (lint)	0.45	0.41	0,54
Botswana	Groundnuts	-	0.61
Burkina Faso	Cotton (lint)	0.42	0.34	0.55
Burundi	Coffee	0.51	0.60	0.60
Cameroon	Cotton (lint)	0,42	0.37	0.40
Central African Rep.	Coffee
Chad	Cotton (lint)	0.29	0.18	0.34
Comoros	Vanilla (deed)	0.75	0.51	0.54
Congo	Coffee	43	0.32	0.42
Cote d'lvolre	Cocoa	.21	0.26	1.09
Equatorial Guinea	Cocoa	0.40	0.51	0.79
Ethiopia	Coffee:	—	.74	0.90
Gabon	Cocoa	0.45	0.39	0.42
Cambia,	The Ground	0,57	0.49	0.63
Ghana	Cocoa	0.54	0.62	0.71
Guinea	Palm kernels	30	0.87	0.25
Gulnea-Bissau	Groundnuts	1.08	0.86	0.62
Kenya	Coffee	0.63	0.51	0.34
Lesotho	Wheat	0.82	0 88	0.95
Liberia	Coffee	—	1,40	1.26
Madagascar	Coffee	0 40	0.29	0.38
Malawi	Groundnuts	0.47	0.65	1.01
Mali	Cotton (lint)	0,34	0,39	0.50
Mauritius	Sugar	0,90	0.61	0.52
Mozambique	Tea	0,64	0.56	0.33
Niger	Cotton (lint)	0,35	0.4'	1.13
Nigeria	Cocoa	0.53	1.12	0,49
Rwanda	Coffee	0.58	0.89	0.81
Sao Tome and Principe	Cocoa	0.36	0.99
Senegal	Groundnuts	0,42	0.42	0.81
Sierra Leone	Cocoa	0.47	0.66	0.42
Somalia	Bananas	—	0.43	033
Sudan	Groundnuts	0.55	0.40	0.96
Swaziland	Cotton (lint)	0.46	0.29	0.27
Tanzania	Coffee	0.39	0.55	0.36
Togo	Coffee	0.24	0.31	0.54
Uganda	Coffee	0.13	0,22	0.14
Zaire	Coffee	0.18	0.45	—
Zambia	Tobacco	0.75	0.87	0.36
Zimbabwe	Tobacco	0.66	0.62	0.58

	Average annual growth rate (percent)
	Value			Volume
Country	1975 - 80	1980- 85	1986 - MRY	1975 - 60	1980 - 85	1986 - MRY
Sub-Sahran Africa	9.6	- 2.4	-3.1	- 0.8	-2.9	-2.5
Angola	-2.4	-13 0	-36.5	-19.1	-14.2	-12.3
Benin	12.9	17.6	5.4	1.6	5.9	2.8
Botswana	3.2	0 8	3.5	-10.0	10.4	-28.0
Burkina Faso	10.9	-5,1	17.5	-0.8	-8.1	0.9
Burundi	13.2	9.5,	-15,9	-14.4	10.0	10.2
Cameroon	17,7	-5.2	-1.2	-1.2	0 0	1.5
Central African Rep.	13.2	-0.9	-5.0	-5.6	-0.3	1.8
Chad	14.2	6.1	9,0	3.2	-6.6 .6	-4.22
Commors	9 7	0,9	-5 9	-1.6	8.5	-32.3
Congo	6.6	4.1	-3,5	-24,8	34.2	1.6
Cote d'lvoire	19.9	1,5	-8.6	2.3	3.6	-4.0
Djibouti	-	10,3	9,3	-	28.8	19.9
Equatorial Guinea	2.5	8,7	-16.4	-7,2	7.7	4.4
Ethiopia	13,7	-2.9	-11,2	-14 5	8,1	11.2
Gabon	489	-10.0	-19,3	13.5	- 3,0	-115
Gambia,The	-9.1	-1.6	31	-11,6	-3.6	23 2
Ghana	7,2	-10.6	-7,4	-13.4	-5.1	8.6
Guinea	13.3	-10 4	0,2	3,4	- 8.2	-13
Guinea-Bissau	7,8	81	11.5	0.6	0.2	-3.8
Kenya	15.2	1.7	-4.6	1.8	0.5	-1.7
Lesotho	12,2	4,2	16,2	-3,8	-5.6	-56.9
Liberia	21.4	-2,5	-5.0	0.9	2.3	-25
Madagascar	9.8	-6.1 .1	-10.4	-5.5	-3.4	1.6
Malawi	13.5	0.7	10.0	11.3	5.0	-11.7
Mali	20.7	-2.1	9,6	13.0	-0.5	- 6.0
Mauritania	15 9	-3.9	1,5	0.1	-6.7 7	-6.0
Mauritius	4 5	-4.8 8	4.9	4.4	-0 7	1.7
Mozambique	7 0	-26.7	-1 1	-6.8	-23.9	17.0
Namibia	7.9	-3 8	9.5	-	-2.1	10.0
Niger	18.6	-6.6	-7.2	5.5	-3.3	-14.0
Nigeria	3.2	-6.1	-7.4	-3.5	-17.2	1.8
Rwanda	10.3	1.6	-1 14	-19.7	6.0	-0.3
Silo Tome and Principe	24.7	-14.8	-10.4	6.2	-12.5	-3.1
Senegal	-12.4	6 7	22.0	-18.1	-3. 0	33.2
Seychelles	13.4	-14 9	-19.4	-4.7	-7 9	-37.2
Sierra Leone	18.7	-17	-24.2	-7.2	-2.4	0.4
Somalia	11.2	-14.3	-7.8	6.4	-10.6	-21.7
Sudan	4.2	-4. 1	13.4	6 6	-6 .9	24.2
Swaziland	14.0	-12.7	6.2	7.0	2.3	- 8.0
Tanzania	4.2	-10.0	-3.1	- 4.6 .6	-10.4	7.0
Togo	18.3	1.3	- 4.8	0.9	0.6	-8.9
Uganda	4.8	5.1	-18.8	-15.3	8.2	2.1
Zaire	0.3	2.8	-19.3	-6.5	-2.7	-12.6
Zambia	-2.6	4.9	2.7	-18.7	31.0	-31.6
Zimbabwe	2.4	-1.2	8.3	-11.8	3.6	-10.7

	Percentage of agricultural land irrigated
	Average annual change in percent		Fertilizer consumption (100 g/ha)
Country	1989	1565-89	1970/71	l979/80	1990/91
Sub-Saharan Africa	—	—	33	59	90
Angola	-	-
Benin	0.3	5.8	36	77	38
Botswana	..	3.5	15	5	7
Burkina Paso	0.1	8.0	3	26	39
Burundi	3.2	6.9	5	7	16
Cameroon	0.2	8 5	34	47	31
Cape Verde	—
Central African Rep.	—	—	12	1	4
Chad	—	3.6	7	—	18
Comoros	—
Congo	—	8.7	525	6	119
Cd'Ivoire	0.4	8.4	74	165	97
Djlbouti	—	—	—	—	—
Equatorial Guinea	—	—	—	—	—
Ethiopia	0,3	0,3	4	27	80
Gabon	—	—	—	3
Gambia, The	—
Ghana	0.1	4.5	11	65	48
Guinea	0.4	7.3	44	31	7
Gulnea-Bisseau	—	—	—	5	17
Kenya	0,1	3.9	238	169	477
Lesotho	—	—	10	144	144
Liberia	—	—	63	—	—
Madagascar	2.4	5.3	61	25	26
Malawi	0,5	10.9	52	110	195
Mali	0,6	5.6	31	69	73
Mauritania	15.0	2.2	2,095	108	2,616
Mozambique	0.2	8.8	22	78	8
Niger	0.3	3.5	1	5	3
Rwanda	12	0.3	32	363	26
SaoTome and Principe	1.7	3.1	17	123	50
Seychelles
Sierra Leone	0.9	11.7	17	46	20
Sudan	0;3	0 9	2&	27	63
Swaziland	—
Tanzania	0.4	8.4	31	90	144
Togo	0.2	4.2	3	49	172
Uganda	0.1	4.8	14
Zimbabwe	2.9	10.9	4436	443	606
India	10 8	1 2	410	1,3273	743

	Forests and woodland (000 ha)		Deforestatian, anual average 1980s		Reforestation, annual average 1980s
Country	1980	1988	Percent per year	('000 ha per year)	(‘000 ha per year)
Sub-Saharan Africa	645,869	622.544	05	2,916	133
Angola	53,760	53,040	02	94	3
Benin	3,970	3,570	1.7	67
Botswana	962	962	01	20	—
Burkina Faso	7,200	6,720	1.7	80	2
Burundi	62	65	2.7	1	3
Cameroon	25,640	24.760	0.8	190	1
Cape Verde	1	1	—	—	1
Central African Rep.	35,895	35,820	02	55
Chad	13.532	12.890	0.6	160	—
Comoros	35	35	31	1
Congo	21360	21,200	01	22
Cote d’Ivoire	9,880	5,880	52	510	6
Djibouti	6	6	—	—	—
Equatorial Guinea	1,295	1,295	02	3
Ethiopia	28,132	23,700	0.3	88	1
Gabon	20.000	20,000	01	15	1
Gambia,The	216	168	2.4	5
Ghana	8,770	8,210	0.8	72	2
Guinea	10,650	9,652	0.8	86
Guinea-Bissau	1,070	1,070	2.7	57	—
Kenya	3,860	3,620	1;7	39	10
Lesotho	—	—	—	—	1
LIberia	2,103	2,103	2.3	46	2
Madagascar	15,$60	14,580	1.2	156	12
Malawi	5,074	4,190	35	150	1
Mali	8,800	8,480	05	36	1
Mauntania	15,000	15,000	2.4	14	—
Mauritius	58	57	33	—	—
Mozambique	15,689	14,730	0.8	120	4
Namibia	18,420	18,420	0.0	^a	—
Niger	2,9W	2,420	2 6	68	—
Algeria	16,383	14,000	2 7	400	32
Rwanda	520	497	23	5	3
Sho Torne, and Principe	—	—	—	—
Senegal	6.000	5,930	0.5	50	3
Seychells	5	5	---	---	—
Sierra Leone	2,113	2,070	0.3	6
Somalia	9,160	8,750	0 1	14	1
Sudan	48,940	46,460	1.1	504	13
Swizeland	103	108	—	1	5
Tanzania	43,260	42,305	03	130	9
Togo	1,700	1,3W	0.7	12
Uganda	6,0G0	5,660	0.8	50	2
Zaire	177,610	174,970	0 2	370	..
Zambia	29,890	29,090	0.1	-70	2
Zimbabwe	19,930	19,930	0.4	80	4

Fuelwood supply-demand balance (million cubic meters)
Country	1980	2000
Angola	—	—
Benin	17.6	8.9
Botswana	-5.6	23.9
Burkina Faso	-2.6	-11.2
Burundi	-3 2	-7 0
Cameroon	72.6	59.6
Cape Verde	—	—
Central African Rep.	1115	105.6
Chad	-1.2	9.8
Comoros
Congo	46.4	432
Cote d'Ivoire	43.9	14.4
Djibouti	—	—
Equatorial Guinea	4.6	4.0
Ethiopia	4.4	-30.8
Gabon	42 .8	40 9
Gambia,The	{).5	-15
Ghana	29 3	13.8
Guinea	38.6	29.6
Guinea-Bissau	4.8	1.1
Kenya	-4.5	-58.4
Lesotho		—
Liberia	11 1	-4.4
Madagascar	5.2	4.4
Malawi	-31	-13.1
Mali	0.4	-5.0
Maurithania	3.8	3.8
Mauritius
Mozambique	16.8	03
Niger
NIgeria	57 5	-89.6
Rwanda	-5.5	-16.0
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal	0.3
Seychelles	—	—
Sierra Leone	5.0	-15
Somalia	11.1	65
Sudan	6.1	-395
Swaziland	-0.5	-1.3
Tanzania	-5.1	-74.0
Togo	103	13.1
Uganda	18.7	-57
Zaire	3882	327.9
Zambia	152	5.4
Zimbabwe	2.8	-12.2

Country	Original wildlife habitat ('000 km)	Area remaining ('000 km )	Loss (percents)
Angola	1,246.7	760.8	39
Benin	115.8	46.3	60
Botswana	585.4	257.6	56
Burkina Faso	273.8	54.&	80
Burundi	25.7	3.6	86
Cameroon	469.4	192.5	59
Central African Rep.,	623.0	274.1	56
Chad	720.8	173.0	76
Congo	342.0	174.4	49
Cote d'Ivoire	318.0	66.8	79
Djibouti	21.8	11.1	49
Equatorial Guinea	26.0	12.7	$1
Ethiopia	1,101.0	30.3	70
Gabon	267.0	173.6	35
Gambia,The	11.3	1.2	89
Chana	230.0	46.0	80
Guinea	245.9	73.8	70
Guinea-Bissau	36.1	7.9	7&
Kenya	569.5	296.1	48
Lesotho	30.4	9.7	68
Liberia	111.4	14.5	87
Madagascar	595.2	148.8	75
Malawi	94 1	405	57
Mali	754.1	158.4	79
Mauritania	388.6	73.8	81
Mozambique	7832	36.8	57
Niger	566	127.9	77
Nigeria	919.8	230.0	75
Rwanda	25.1	33	82
Senegal	196.2	353	82
Sierra Leone	717	10.8	85
Somalia	637.7	3761	41
Sudan	1,703.0	5109	70
Swaziland	17.4	7.7	56
Tanzania	886 2	505.1	43
Togo	56.0	19.0	66
Uganda	193.7	42.6	78
Zaire	2,335.9	1,051.2	55
Zambia	752.6	5343	29
Zimbabwe	390.2	171.7	56
Total	18,737 7	7,364.7	64
Namibia	823.2	4445	46
South Africa	1,236.5	531 7	57

Country	Number of plant taxa	Endemic flora as percentage of total	Number of rare and threatened plant taxa	Rare and threatened per 1000 existing plant taxa
Angola	5,000	25	19	4
Benin	2,000	1	3	2
Bostwana	2,600-2,800	17	4	1-2
Burkina Faso	1,096	—	0	0
Burundi	2,500	—	0	0
Cameroan	8,000	2	74	9
Cape Verde	659	14	1	2
Central African Rep.	3,600	4	0	a
Chad	1,600	—	14	9
Comoros	416	33	3	7
Congo	4,000	22	4	1
Cote d'lvoire	3,660	2	70	19
Djibouti	534	—	3	6
Equatorial Guinea	—
Bioko	1,150	4	8	7
Pagula	208	8	2	10
Ethiopia	6,283	8	44	7
Cabon	8,000	22	80	10
Gambia, The	530	1	0	0
Ghana	3,600	1	34	9
Guinea	-	88	36
Guinea-Bissau	1,000	—	0	0
Kenya	6,500	4	144	22
Lesotho	1,591	—	7	4
Liberia	—	59	1
Madagascar	10,000-12,000	80	193	16-19
Malawi	3,600	2	61	17
Mall	1,600	1	15	9
Mauritania	1,100		3	3
Mauritius	800-900	33	240	267-300
Mozambique	5,500	4	84	15
Namibia	3,159	11	18	6
Niger	1,178	—	1	1
Nigeria	4,614	5	9	2
Reunion	720	30	99	138
Rwanda	2,150	—	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	-
Sao Tome	601	18	0	0
Principe	314	11	1	3
Senegal	2,100	1	32	15
Seychelles	274	15	73	266
Sierra Leone	2,480	3	12	5
Somalia	3,000	17	51	17
South Africa	23,000	80	1,145	50
Sudan	3,200	2	9	3
Swaziland	2,715	—	25	9
Tanzania	10'000	11	158	16
Togo	2,302	1	0	a
Uganda	5,000	1	11	2
Zaire	11,000	29	3	-
Zambia	4,600	5	1	-
Zimbabwe	5,428	2	96	18