 | Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998) |
 |  | Part D - Annexes |
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Annex 1 - Additional references
Centre for Water Resources 1993. Biennial Report of 1991 and 1992: Alternative Approaches to Tank Rehabilitation and Management - An Experiment, Anna University, Madras.
Chakravarty, R.B. 1985. Necessity and Considerations for Conservation of Water, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:18-20.
Chandra, S. 1985. Recent Trends of Water Conservation in Drought Prone Areas, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:1-11.
Chaturvedi, A.C. 1985. Water Use and Reuse, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:42-45.
Deb, S.M. 1985. Utilizing otherwise Non-Utilizable Water Resources - A Thought and a Case Study, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:38-41.
Dhruva, V.V. 1985. Soil and Water Conservation in India - Problems and Prospects, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:30-37.
Gould, J.E. 1991. Rainwater Catchment Systems for Household Water Supply, Environmental Sanitation Reviews, No.32.
Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning and US Peace Corps-Nepal 1989. Rainwater Catchment Tank Construction Technical Manual, His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
Mistry, J.F. and M.U. Purohit 1985. Attempts for Greater Conservation and Better Utilization of Water Resources in Gujarat, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:12-17.
Murti, N.G.K. 1985. Conservation of Water Resources and Recycling in India, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:26-29.
Prasad, T. 1985. Water Resource Planning - A Primary Step for Conservation of Water, Journal of Institution of Engineers, Civil Engineering Division, 66:21 -25.
Pundarikanthan, N.V. and L. Jayasekhar 1995. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Traditional Water Management for Tanks and Ponds, Centre for Water Resources and Ocean Management, Anna University, Madras.
Shankari, U. and E. Shah 1993. Water Management Traditions in India, PPST Foundation, Madras.
Shrestha, S.H. 1987. Economic and Human Geography of Nepal.
Sud, S.C. and M. Sivdas 1994. Water Resources Development in India - An Overview, Journal of Indian Water Works Association, July-September, pp 135-139.
Verma, H.N. and K.N. Tiwari 1995. Current Status and Prospectus of Rain Water Harvesting, INCOH Secretariat, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India.
Annex 2 - Table of conversion factors for metric and U.S. customary units
This water quantity equivalents and conversion factor lists is for those interested in converting units. The right-hand column includes units expressed in two systems - US Customary and International System (metric). Units, which are written in abbreviated form below, are spelled out in parentheses the first time they appear. To convert from the unit in the left-hand column to that in the right, multiply by the number in the right-hand column. Most of the quantities listed were rounded to five significant figures. However, for many purposes, the first two or three significant figures are adequate for determining many water-quantity relations, such as general comparisons of water availability with water use or calculations in which the accuracy of the original data itself does not justify more than three significant figures. Quantities shown in italics are exact equivalents - no rounding was necessary. Regarding length of time, each calendar year is assumed (for this list) to consist of 365 days.
|
US Customary |
US Customary or Metric | |
|
Length | ||
|
1 in (inch) |
= |
25.4 mm (millimetres) |
|
1 ft (foot) |
= |
0.3048 m (metre) |
|
1 mi (mile, statute) |
= |
5280. ft |
|
= |
1,609.344 m | |
|
= |
1.609344 km (kilometres) | |
|
Area | ||
|
1 ft2 (square foot) |
0.09290304 m2 (square
metre) | |
|
1 acre |
= |
43,560. ft2 |
|
= |
0.0015625 mi2 | |
|
= |
0.40469 ha (hectare) | |
|
1 mi2 |
= |
640. acres |
|
= |
259.00 ha | |
|
= |
2.5900 km2 (square
kilometres) | |
|
Volume or Capacity (liquid measure) | ||
|
1 qt (quart, US) |
= |
0.94635 l(litre) |
|
1 gal (gallon, US) |
= |
231. in3 (cubic
inches) |
|
= |
0.13368 ft3 (cubic
foot) | |
|
= |
3.78541 | |
|
= |
0.0037854 m3 (cubic
metre) | |
|
1 Mgal (million gallon) |
= |
0.13368 Mft3 (million cubic
feet) |
|
1 Mgal |
= |
3.0689 acre-ft (acre-feet) |
|
= |
3,785.4m3 | |
|
1ft3 |
= |
1,728. in3 |
|
= |
7.4805 gal | |
|
= |
28.317 1 | |
|
= |
0.028317 m3 | |
|
1 Mft3 |
= |
28,317. M3 |
|
1 acre-ft (volume of water, 1 ft deep, covering an area of 1
acre) |
= |
43.560.ft3 |
|
= |
0.32585 Mgal | |
|
= |
1,233.5 m3 | |
|
1 mi3 (cubic mile) |
= |
1,101.1 billion gal |
|
= |
147.20 billion ft3 | |
|
= |
3.3792 million acre-ft | |
|
= |
4.1682 km3 (cubic
kilometres) | |
|
Speed (or, when used in a vector sense,
velocity) | ||
|
1 ft/s (foot per second) |
= |
0.3048 m/s (metre per second) |
|
= |
0.68182 mi/hour (mile per hour) | |
|
1 mi/hr |
= |
1.4667 ft/s |
|
= |
0.44704 m/s | |
|
Volume per Unit of Time (discharge, water supply, water use,
and so forth) | ||
|
1 gpm (gallon per minute) |
= |
0.00144 mgd (million gallons per day) |
|
= |
0.0022280 ft3/s (cubic foot per
second) | |
|
= |
0.0044192 acre-ft/d (acre-foot per day) | |
|
= |
3.7854 l/min (litres per minute) | |
|
= |
0.063090 l/s (litres per second) | |
|
1 mgd |
= |
694.44 gal/min |
|
= |
1.5472 ft3/s | |
|
= |
3.0689 acre-ft/d | |
|
= |
1,120.0 acre-ft/d (acre-feet per year) | |
|
= |
0.043813 m3/s (cubic metre per
second) | |
|
= |
3,785.4 m3/d (cubic metres per day) | |
|
1 billion gal/yr (billion gallons per year) |
= |
0.0013817 km3/yr (cubic kilometre per
year) |
|
1 ft3/s |
= |
2.7397 mgd |
|
= |
448.83 gal/min | |
|
= |
0.64632 mgd | |
|
= |
1.9835 acre-ft/d | |
|
= |
723.97 acre-ft/yr | |
|
= |
28.317 l/s | |
|
= |
0.028317 m3/d | |
|
= |
2,446.6 m3/d | |
|
= |
0.00089300 km3/yr | |
|
1 acre-ft/yr |
= |
892.74 gal/d (gallons per day) |
|
= |
0.61996 gal/min | |
|
= |
0.0013813ft3/s | |
|
= |
3.3794 m3/d | |
|
1 acre-ft/d |
= |
0.50417 ft3/s |
|
Volume, Discharge or use per Unit of
Area | ||
|
1 in of rain or runoff |
= |
17.379 Mgal/mi2 |
|
= |
27,154. gal/acre (gallons per acre) | |
|
= |
25,400.
m3/km2 (cubic metres per
square kilometre) | |
|
1 in/yr |
= |
0.047613 (Mgal/d)/mi2 |
|
= |
0.073668 (ft/s)/mi2 | |
|
1 (Mgal/d)/mi2 |
= |
21.003 in/yr (inches-of rain or runoff - per
year) |
|
1 (ft3/s)/mi2 |
= |
13.574 in/yr |
|
= |
0.010933
(m3/km2 (cubic metre per
second per square kilometre) | |
|
Mass (pure water in dry air) | ||
|
1 gal at 15° Celsius (59° Fahrenheit) |
= |
8.3290 lb (pounds avoirdupois) |
|
1 gal at 4° Celsius (39.2° Fahrenheit) |
= |
8.3359 lb |
|
1 lb |
= |
0.45359 kg (kilogram) |
|
1 ton, short (2,000 lb) |
= |
0.90718 Mg (megagram) or ton, metric |
Prepared by John -C. Krammer, US Geological Survey (National Water Summary 1990-1991)