 | Water for Urban Areas (UNU, 2000, 243 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Preface |
| | Foreword |
|  | 1. Water for urban areas of the developing world in the twenty-first century |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Population and water |
| | Urbanization and water |
| | Constraints on water availability |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water scarcity |
| | High economic costs |
| | Financing and financial management constraints |
| | Management constraints |
| | Environmental and health issues |
| | Changes in mind-sets |
| | Concluding remarks |
| | 2. Water management in Metropolitan Tokyo |
| | (introduction...) |
| | History of waterworks in Tokyo |
| | Early water supply systems |
| | Opening of modern waterworks |
| | The Ogouchi Dam project |
| | War damage and the increase in water leakage |
| | Serious water shortage in 1964 |
| | Development of water resources in the upper Tone River basin |
| | The present situation |
| | General view |
| | Industrial water |
| | Utilization of treated sewage |
| | Towards a ''water conservation conscious city'' |
| | Tokyo's water service compared with other cities in Japan and the world |
| | The future |
| | New targets for water supply works |
| | Future water resources policies |
| | Water circulation and urban civilization |
| | Rapid urbanization and changes in water circulation |
| | The philosophy of recycling |
| | Acknowledgements |
| | 3. Water quality management issues in the Kansai Metropolitan Region |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | The Kansai Metropolitan Region |
| | The water resources in the region |
| | The Lake Biwa-Yodo River water system |
| | Lake Biwa Comprehensive Development Project |
| | Water metabolism of the region |
| | Metabolic features of the region |
| | Water supplies |
| | Pollution control and wastewater management |
| | Water quality issues in the Kansai Metropolitan Region |
| | Upstream-downstream relationships |
| | Upgrading of wastewater management systems |
| | The water quality of Osaka Bay |
| | Control of Lake Biwa eutrophication |
| | Summary and emerging issues |
| | Summary |
| | Emerging issues |
| | Concluding remarks |
| | 4. Water management in mega-cities in India: Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, and Chennai |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | The urban scenario in India |
| | Indian mega-cities |
| | Population trends |
| | Preferential treatment of mega-cities |
| | Problems of water supply in the four Indian mega-cities |
| | Water supply in Mumbai |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water sources |
| | Problems in water management |
| | Suggestions to improve the situation |
| | Demand management |
| | Financial management for a self-supporting system |
| | Automation |
| | Planning for the future |
| | Water supply in Delhi |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water sources |
| | Problems in water management |
| | Problems causing working constraints |
| | Scope for improving the water supply and water management |
| | Water conservation |
| | Planning for the future |
| | Water supply in Calcutta |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water sources |
| | Distribution system |
| | Water tariffs |
| | Management problems |
| | Unaccounted for water |
| | Planning for the future |
| | Water supply in Chennai |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water sources |
| | Projects to augment the supply for Chennai |
| | Water management in Chennai |
| | Other measures for water conservation |
| | Conclusions |
| | 5. Water supply and distribution in the metropolitan area of Mexico City |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Mexico City: A case study |
| | Mexico City Metropolitan Zone |
| | Water demand |
| | Main problems |
| | Macro-projects |
| | (introduction...) |
| | The Cutzamala System |
| | The Cutzamala Macrocircuit and the Cutzamala ''Aquaférico'' |
| | Sewage |
| | Constraints on water resources management |
| | Conclusions |
| | 6. Wastewater management and reuse in mega-cities |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | The role of wastewater reuse in mega-cities |
| | Overview of wastewater reclamation technologies |
| | Wastewater reuse applications |
| | Health and regulatory requirements |
| | The cost of wastewater reuse |
| | The future of water reuse |
| | Summary and conclusions |
| | 7. The role of the private sector in the provision of water and wastewater services in urban areas |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | The present situation of the water and sanitation sector |
| | The private sector - part of the solution |
| | Options for private participation in municipal water and wastewater |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Service contracts |
| | Management contracts |
| | Leases |
| | Concessions |
| | Joint venture leases and concessions |
| | Build-operate-transfer contracts |
| | Full or partial divestiture |
| | Hybrids |
| | Competition and regulation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Competition |
| | Regulation |
| | Considerations in defining a regulatory framework |
| | Preparing for a private sector venture |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Pre-contract analysis |
| | Choosing among the options |
| | Making sure that the desired option is of interest to the private sector |
| | Finding and contracting a suitable partner |
| | Managing the process |
| | Creating a management unit |
| | Hiring competent independent advisers |
| | Time requirements |
| | Managing the contract |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Contract renegotiation |
| | Maintaining competitive pressure |
| | Preventing undue outside interference |
| | Conclusions |
| | Acknowledgements |
| | 8. Emergency water supply and disaster vulnerability |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Development of a reliable water supply |
| | Performance of water supply systems in recent disasters |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Earthquake |
| | Fire |
| | Flood |
| | Refugee camps |
| | Overview of water supply reliability methods |
| | Applications |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Contra Costa Water District |
| | San Francisco |
| | Vancouver |
| | Zaire refugee camps |
| | The concept of an emergency water supply system |
| | Proposal |
| | Concluding remarks |
| | 9. Conclusions |
| | Contributors |
Rapid urbanization and changes in water circulation
Urbanization affects water circulation. The spread of sewerage systems, as described previously, caused a deterioration in river and canal environments as a result of water flow loss. Other changes in water circulation are caused by the paving of roads and the conversion of farmland into housing.
The urbanization of Tokyo started in the 1950s. Tokyo's population increased rapidly from the latter part of the 1950s into the 1960s, and is now some 12 million, warranting the name "mega-city." Urbanization at such a pace has changed the water circulation of Tokyo drastically, and has become the cause of new urban flood hazards. The Kano River typhoon, on 26 September 1958, produced the highest recorded rainfall per day (392 mm) since 1875 in Tokyo, and caused great flood damage in the newly developed housing areas of the western part of Tokyo. Since then, damage caused by rainfall has increased in parallel with new housing developments. Changes in water circulation during heavy rains are the main cause.
The urbanization of Tokyo has been accompanied by the populace's desire for a higher standard of living, resulting in a heavy burden on rivers and water circulation. These burdens have involved the control of water, the utilization of water, the environment, and the landscape. Embankments became taller as a result of river improvement works undertaken to protect against water hazards, thus spoiling views along rivers and streams. The construction of highways to provide easy access to the areas alongside these rivers has also spoiled riverside scenery.
In today's Tokyo, projects that aim to restore the rivers and water circulation of the city are finally under way. They include advanced water treatment systems in purification plants, the discharge of treated sewage into rivers and streams, the utilization of treated sewage in high-rise buildings, the encouragement of urban renewal work, and river improvement work in the development of the Super Embankment along the Sumida River - a river that is emblematic of Tokyo.
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