 | Case Studies of People's Participation in Watershed Management in Asia (PWMTA, 1996) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Abbreviations |
| | Local terms |
| | Foreword |
|  | A case study of people's participation in Begnastal and Rupatal (BTRT) watershed management in Nepal |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Abstract |
| | Introduction |
| | Background |
| | Study site selection |
| | Objectives of the study |
| | Review |
| | Overview of the study area |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Climate |
| | Vegetation |
| | Land use |
| | Livestock |
| | Socio-economic conditions |
| | The concepts and mechanisms of people's participation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | No participation model |
| | Information sharing model |
| | Political participation model |
| | Users' participation model |
| | Individual participation model |
| | Review of people's participation in watershed management in the western development region |
| | Methodology |
| | Result and discussions |
| | Evolution of participation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | First stage (1974-80) |
| | Second stage (1981-85) |
| | Third stage (1986-90) |
| | Fourth stage (1991-94) |
| | Activities of the Begnastal Rupatal watershed management project |
| | (introduction...) |
| | First phase (1985-89) |
| | Second phase (1990-94) |
| | Consequences of the BTRT project |
| | Involvement of women, occupational castes and other minority groups |
| | Management of forests |
| | Management of private and community lands |
| | Influences of the BTRT project on people's participation |
| | Community development and organization |
| | Community development board |
| | Local club |
| | Result of people's participation in the BTRT area |
| | Changes and improvements in land use |
| | Economic benefits |
| | Changes in land productivity |
| | Users' involvement in watershed management |
| | Access to credit |
| | Innovations by neighbouring farmers |
| | Problems and constraints |
| | Conclusions and recommendations |
| | Conclusions |
| | Policy recommendations |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Unit of watershed management |
| | Users and their organizations |
| | Gender equality |
| | Indigenous technology |
| | Watershed resource assessment |
| | Development of local capabilities |
| | Sharing information and coordinating activities |
| | Training |
| | Other recommendations |
| | Acknowledgement |
| | References |
| | A case study of successful watershed management in Wuhua County, Guangdong Province, China |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Abstract |
| | Introduction |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Purpose of the study |
| | Justification for study site selection |
| | Methodology |
| | Description of Wuhua County |
| | Environmental and socio-economic conditions |
| | Topography |
| | Climate |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Precipitation |
| | Soil and water erosion |
| | Types of soil erosion |
| | Some important features of soil erosion |
| | Vegetation |
| | Relations between vegetation and soil erosion |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Soil types susceptible to erosion |
| | Hydrology |
| | Sedimentation |
| | Environmental damage |
| | Mechanisms of people's participation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Family contract system |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Collective or group contract system |
| | Sub-Lease contract system |
| | Professional contract system |
| | Specialized contract system |
| | Soil and water conservation strategy |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Strategic decisions of the provincial government |
| | Strategies for implementing comprehensive management of small watersheds |
| | Watershed management planning |
| | (introduction...) |
| | The principles of planning |
| | Achievements |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Vegetative measures |
| | Engineering measures |
| | Administration for people's participation and research support |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Administration |
| | Research support |
| | The case of benefits from land leasing contractual arrangements for people's participation in WUPI watershed |
| | (introduction...) |
| | The Wupi small watershed |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Some features of soil erosion in Wupi watershed |
| | Comprehensive erosion control measures at Wupi watershed |
| | A brief history |
| | Soil erosion control measures |
| | Reduction in fuel-wood shortage |
| | Contractual arrangements for people's participation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Water control measures |
| | Measures to improve farmland |
| | Benefits of soil conservation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Ecological benefits |
| | Social benefits |
| | Results of improved land use management in Wuhua county |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Economic benefits |
| | Acknowledgement |
| | Bibliography |
| | A successful case of participatory watershed management at Ralegan Siddhi Village in district Ahmadnagar, Maharastra, India* |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Abstract |
| | An overview of people's participation in natural resource management in India |
| | Breakdown of traditional sustainable systems |
| | Participation of resource poor farmers |
| | Prejudice against women |
| | Recent prominent initiatives of people's participation in resource management |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Naxalite movement |
| | Chipko movement |
| | Save Narmada movement (Andolan) |
| | Bodh Gaya Andolan |
| | Ganga liberation (Mukti) Andolan |
| | AVARD'S irrigation schemes |
| | Water council (Pani Panchayat) |
| | Sukhomajri |
| | Rope makers of saharanpur |
| | Chakriya Vikas pranali (the cyclic system of development) |
| | MYRADA's self-help groups |
| | Rural labor association of Halpati Sava Sangh |
| | Ralegan Siddhi |
| | Self-Help groups by Taj Mahal gram Bikas Kendra |
| | Mahila Vikas Sangh (women development federation) |
| | Self employed women's association |
| | The case of people's participation in watershed management in Ralegan Siddhi |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Description |
| | The physical setting |
| | Demographic features |
| | Socio-economic structure |
| | Base-line situation |
| | Approaches/methods used for people's participation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | Persuasion |
| | Gandhian approach |
| | Creation of a common platform |
| | Moral cleansing |
| | Selfless leadership |
| | Identification of the most pressing common problem |
| | Initiating the process of change at individual level |
| | Socialization of costs and surpluses |
| | Democratic decision making process |
| | Social reform with strict discipline |
| | Need-based planned socio-economic development |
| | Cooperative management system |
| | Special focus on women |
| | Facilitating village organizations |
| | Reflections on the experience and insights gained |
| | Lessons, achievements, weaknesses and constraints |
| | Lessons |
| | Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi |
| | Weaknesses |
| | Constraints |
| | Conclusion |
| | Acknowledgement |
Problems and constraints
Constraints to the model of people's participation practised by the BTRT project include a lack of a well-defined role for the CDCCs, in particular the misunderstanding of that role by women members. Other needs are strengthening capability, synchronizing development and agricultural work schedule and better maintenance of works.
SCWM activities demand a lot of labor. Farmers whose lives depend on earning a daily wage cannot easily afford to provide this. During field visits, it was noted that women sell wood and cereal grains in order to raise the CDCC membership fee in the hope that they will be able to borrow from the CDCC fund if they need to. According to the Chairperson of a CDCC in Begnas VDC such women members are not willing to spend the hard-earned fund on social welfare or rural development activities. In fact, she claims that these women members would never have joined the CDCC, if they knew its social obligations.
Since the guidelines for people's participation in SCWM were developed very late, the CDCC's role in the overall development of village is not clearly defined. The project staff feel that participation is needed, but in the field most of them still think that obtaining certain percentage of cash-in-kind (labor time) from the local people, is participation.
CDCCs need to strengthen their capabilities. Specially, the members need to be educated about community organization, the legal status of CDCCs, the role of CDCCs in development and their connections with other development agencies in the district.
SCWM activities are selected in consultation with local people in order to set realistic targets which match the needs of the villagers. At present the crop calendar is not fully followed. So, people are often forced to participate in development activities at the cost of their agricultural activities. Since the project has also learned that SCWM are best implemented during slack agricultural periods, SCWM activities should take place only in non-peak seasons and the crop calendar should be considered in preparing the SCWM annual work schedule.
Many small ponds have been dug by villagers for water harvesting from slopes. These ponds are mainly serve as water-holes for the animals and need regular cleaning of sediments. The villagers have requested the project to help them repair these ponds, but more works still need to be done.
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