 | Radio and Electronics (DED Philippinen, 66 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
|  | 1. INTRODUCTION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1. A TRIAL TO STATE A DEFINITION OF ELECTRONICS |
| | 1.2. A SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS |
| | 1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES |
| | 2. PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATION UNICATION |
| | 2.1. BASICAL IDEAS ABOUT COMMUNICATION |
| | 2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION |
| | 2.3. FIDELITY AND DISTORTION |
| | 3. TRANSDUCERS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1. MICROPHONES |
| | 3.2. LOUDSPEAKERS |
| | 3.3. THE TELEPHON SYSTEM |
| | 3.4. PROBLEM OF FREQUENCY RANGES |
| | 3.5. BANDWIDTH |
| | 4. RADIOWAVES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1. ORIGIN OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 4.2. PARAMETERS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES |
| | 4.3. PROPAGATION OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 4.4. SPECTRUM OF RADIOWAVES AND BANDS OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 5. MODULATION OF RADIOWAVES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1. THE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) |
| | 5.2. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) |
| | 5.3. SIDEBANDS |
| | 5.4. TRANSMISSION OF RADIOSIGNALS |
| | 6. RECEPTION OF RADIOSIGNALS (AM - TYPE) |
| | 6.1. AERIAL |
| | 6.2. THE TUNED CIRCUIT |
| | 6.3. INCIDENTAL REMARK ON BLOCK DIAGRAMS |
| | 6.4. DETECTOR OR DEMODULATOR |
| | 6.5. POWER SUPPLY |
| | 6.6. AMPLIFIER |
| | 6.7. SUPERHET RECEIVER (the SUPER) |
| | 6.8 INCIDENTAL REMARK ON MIXING FREQUENCIES |
| | 6.9. CONSTRUCTION OF A SUPERHETRADIO |
| | 7. COMPONENTS OF MODERN RADIO RECEIVERS |
| | 7.1.1. HANDLING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS |
| | 7.1.2. HANDLING OF PRINTED CIRCUITS |
| | 7.1.3. DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPONENTS |
| | 8. PASSIVE COMPONENTS |
| | 8.1. RESISTORS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 8.2. CAPACITORS |
| | 8.3. INDUCTORS |
| | 8.4. COMBINATION OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS |
| | 8.4.1. SERIES CONNECTION OF R AND C, OR R AND L |
| | 8.4.2. COMBINATION OF L AND C, RESONANT (TUNED) CIRCUITS |
| | 8.4.3. TUNED CIRCUIT CONNECTED TO AN AC-VOLTAGE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 8.4.4.1. QUALITY OF TUNED CIRCUITS |
| | 8.4.4.2. BANDWIDTH |
| | 9. ACTIVE COMPONENTS -1- DIODES |
| | 9.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS |
| | 9.2. THE PN-JUNCTION OR DIODE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 9.2.1. PN-JUNCTION CONNECTED TO VOLTAGE |
| | 9.2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PN-JUNCTION OR DIODE |
| | 9.2.3. ZENERDIODE |
| | 10. BLOCKS OF RADIOS / -1- / POWER SUPPLIES |
| | 10.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS |
| | 10.2. TRANSFORMER |
| | 10.3. THE RECTIFIERS. |
| | 10.4. SMOOTHING AND FILTER CIRCUITS |
| | 10.4.1. THE RESERVOIR CAPACITOR |
| | 10.4.2. FILTER CIRCUITS |
| | 10.5. STABILIZATION |
| | 10.5.1. GENERAL REMARKS |
| | 10.5.1.1. LOAD VARIATIONS |
| | 10.5.1.2. INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF VOLTAGESOURCES |
| | 10.5.1.3. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE SMOOTHING CIRCUIT |
| | 10.5.5. METHODS OF STABILIZATION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 10.5.5.1. PARALLEL-STABILIZATION |
| | 10.5.2.2. SERIES STABILIZATION |
| | 11. ACTIVE COMPONENTS -2- / TRANSISTORS |
| | 11.1. CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSISTOR |
| | 11.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTORS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 11.2.1 HANDLING OF CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTORS |
| | 11.2.1.1. CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATIC-MUTUAL-CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 11.2.1.2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC MUTUAL CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 11.2.1.3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAXIMUM-POWER-LINE |
| | 12. AMPLIFIERS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 12.1. STRUCTURE OF A CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.2. FUNCTION OF A SIMPLE CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.3. ADVANCED CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.4. STABILIZATION OF THE QUIESCENT VOLTAGE |
| | 13. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS |
| | 13.1. LIMITS OF CLASS A AMPLIFIERS |
| | 13.2. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS WITH TRANSFORMERS |
| | 13.3. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMERS |
| | 13.4. POWER AMPLIFIER WITH COMPLIMENTARY TRANSISTORS. |
| | 14. DETECTOR OR DEMODULATOR |
| | 15. AGC-AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL |
| | 16. IF-AMPLIFIERS |
| | 17. FEEDBACK |
| | 18. OSCILLATORS |
| | 19. FREQUENCY CHANGERS MIXERSTAGE |
| | 20. DECOUPLING CIRCUITS |
| | 21. MATCHING OF AMPLIFIERSTAGES |
| | 22. COUPLING OF AMPLIFIERSTAGES |
| | 23. RADIO SERVICING |
| | 23.1. IMPORTANCE AND SUBJECT OF FAULT FINDING |
| | 23.2. FAULTS AND FAULT FINDING |
| | 23.3. FAULT FINDING METHODS |
| | 24. THE USE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE |
5.2. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
Here the term itself shows already how it is achieved: The carrierwave in this case has an always constant amplitude. If there is no audiosignal there will be broadcasted exactly the basical carrierfrequency CF (for example 10 MHz.).
As soon as there is an AF-signal coming in, this carrierfrequency will be varied.
If there is coming in a positive halfwave of the audiofrequency the carrierfrequency will be increased. This rise can reach a maximum of 75 kHz in case of the highest permitted amplitude of the AF-signal. This means the outgoing signal will be 10.075 MHz in case of a maximum positive amplitude.
fig. 28
If there is a negative halfwave coming in, the carrierfrequency will be diminished.. As soon as the audiosignal has reached again “0” the outgoing signal has exactly the original frequencao of 10 MHz.
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