 | Special Public Works Programmes - SPWP - Planting Trees - An Illustrated Technical Guide and Training Manual (ILO - UNDP, 1993, 190 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Preface |
| | Introduction |
|  | 1. Planning a plantation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 What regeneration method to use? |
| | 1.2 What species to establish? |
| | 1.3 Whether to plant a single tree species or a mixture of several? |
| | 1.4 What type of planting stock to use? |
| | 1.5 What planting pattern to use and how many seedlings to plant? |
| | 1.6 When to plant? |
| | 1.7 How to protect the seedlings? |
| | 1.8 The plantation plan |
| | 2. Preparing the planting site |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Clearing vegetation |
| | 2.2 Ground preparation |
| | 2.3 Marking where to dig the holes |
| | 2.4 Digging holes |
| | 2.5 Soil and water conservation measures |
| | 3. Handling seedlings |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1 Packing and transport of seedlings |
| | 3.2 Storing seedlings |
| | 3.3 Quality of seedlings and grading |
| | 3.4 Stripping and trimming |
| | 3.5 Transporting seedlings from the road to the planting site |
| | 4. Planting techniques |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1 Digging the holes |
| | 4.2 On-site distribution of the seedlings |
| | 4.3 Planting |
| | 4.4 Use of fertilizers |
| | 5. Adapting planting techniques to different site conditions |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1 Favourable sites |
| | 5.2 Sites with high grass |
| | 5.3 Waterlogged sites |
| | 5.4 Dry sites |
| | 5.5 Eroding slopes and rocky sites |
| | 5.6 Steep slopes |
| | 5.7 Sand dunes |
| | 5.8 High altitudes with snow |
| | 6. Maintaining plantations |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 6.1 Weed control |
| | 6.2 Protection from grazing |
| | 6.3 Fire prevention |
| | 6.4 Protection from insects, diseases and rodents |
| | 6.5 Fertilizers |
| | 6.6 Replacement planting |
| | 7. Planting trees outside woodlots and forests |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 7.1 Trees in crop and grazing land |
| | 7.2 Alley cropping |
| | 7.3 Intercropping in rotation |
| | 7.4 Intercropping for tree planting |
| | 7.5 Shelterbelts |
| | 7.6 Road-sides and river-sides |
| | 7.7 Homesteads and public places |
| | 8. Organizing the work |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 8.1 Planning |
| | 8.2 Workforce |
| | 8.3 Labour requirements over the year |
| | 8.4 Worknorms |
| | 8.5 Coordinating the work |
| | 8.6 Tools and equipment |
| | 8.7 Supervision and control |
| | 8.8 Records to keep |
| | 9. Working conditions |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 9.1 Hours of work and rest |
| | 9.2 Nutrition and amenities |
| | 9.3 Wage systems |
| | 9.4 Training, job content and labour-management relations |
| | 9.5 Safety |
| | Appendices - Technical sheets |
| | Appendix 1 - Surveying and mapping of large planting sites |
| | Appendix 2 - Laying out and preparing soil and water conservation structures |
| | Appendix 3 - Survival count |
| | Some useful guides/handbooks |
| | Titles in the series of training elements and technical guides for SPWP workers |
3.3 Quality of seedlings and grading
You should only use seedlings of good quality. Never use seedlings left over from the year or the planting season before. Replacement is much more expensive than seedling production.
Seedlings of good quality have:
- a shoot between one or two times the length of the root (or the pot);
- a sturdy, woody stem with a strong root collar;
- a symmetrical, dense crown;
- a root system with many thin roots in addition to the tap root;
- no signs of fungus or insect attack.
Seedlings of inferior quality should never leave the nursery. If they have, they should be rejected at planting stage. If the plantation site is varied, it may be useful to separate the plants into two or three quality classes. The best plants should be used on the most difficult or inaccessible part of the site. Second quality plants should be used on the more favourable part of the site where replacement planting is less costly.
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