 | NGO Guidelines for Good Policy and Practice (Commonwealth Foundation) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
|  | Part I: NGOs: what they are and what they do |
| | 1. The rationale and purpose of this report |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 The origins and scope of this report |
| | 1.2 An overview of the report |
| | 1.3 The purpose of this report |
| | 1.4 The importance of NGOs |
| | 1.5 The global dimension |
| | 1.6 The local dimension |
| | 1.7 NGOs, government and civil society |
| | 2. The historical context |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Care and welfare |
| | 2.2 Change and development |
| | 2.3 The historical evolution of NGO/government relationships |
| | 2.4 Welfare pluralism |
| | 2.5 The emergence of alternatives |
| | 2.6 New concerns |
| | 3. NGOs defined |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1 Diverse current ways of defining NGOs |
| | 3.2 Defining ''NGO'' for the purposes of this report. |
| | 3.3 Is ''NGO'' the right term? |
| | 4. NGO activities described |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1 The spectrum of NGO activities |
| | 4.2 Who and what |
| | 4.3 How |
| | 4.4 The diversity of NGO activities |
| | 5. A typology of NGOs |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1 Why a typology is needed |
| | 5.2 Component 1: A descriptive typology |
| | 5.3 Organisational terms |
| | 5.4 Main forms of control |
| | 5.5 Location between government and civil society |
| | 5.6 Level of operation |
| | 5.7 Legal forms |
| | 5.8 Links with parent and subsidiary bodies |
| | 5.9 Links between NGOs |
| | 5.10 Component 2: An organisational typology |
| | 5.11 Organisations in civil society which engage in NGO-type activities |
| | 5.12 Fraudulent NGOs |
| | 6. The governance and operation of NGOs |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 6.1 The accountability of NGOs |
| | 6.2 Improving NGO governance and operations |
| | 6.3 Management |
| | 6.4 Human resource development (HRD) and training |
| | 6.5 Reviewing, monitoring and evaluating |
| | 6.6 Information |
| | 6.7 Networking and alliance-building |
| | 7. The legal and institutional frameworks within which NGOs operate |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 7.1 Freedom to associate |
| | 7.2 The political dimension |
| | 7.3 The law |
| | 7.4 Regulation |
| | 7.5 Collective, external and self-regulation |
| | 8. The framework of relationships within which NGOs operate |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 8.1 A complex pattern of relationships |
| | 8.2 Relationships with government: key issues |
| | 8.3 Relationships with government: ways forward |
| | 8.4 Relationships with funders: key issues |
| | 8.5 Relationships with funders: ways forward |
| | 8.6 Other strategies to strengthen relationships |
| | 9. The international dimension |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 9.1 Forms of international linkage |
| | 9.2 Funding links |
| | 9.3 Operational links |
| | 9.4 Partnerships |
| | 10. Conclusion and introduction to the guidelines |
| | Part II: Guidelines for Good Policy and Practice |
| | 11. Guidelines for good policy and practice on the part of Governments |
| | 12. Guidelines for good policy and practice on the part of NGOs |
| | 13. Guidelines for good policy and practice on the part of funders |
| | 14. Guidelines for good policy and practice on the part of ''North'' and international agencies |
| | 15. Implementing the guidelines: A plan of action |
| | Part III: References |
| | Annex 1: The process of research and consultation |
| | Annex 2: List of those submitting information, consulted, or responding |
| | Annexes |
| | Annex 1: The process of research and consultation |
| | Annex 2: List of those submitting information, consulted or responding |
8.1 A complex pattern of relationships
Changes in what NGOs do, and in the political, economic, social, and institutional environments in which they operate, have considerably changed the nature and extent of the relationships which NGOs have with others. These relationships are with:
- a variety of central, local, state/regional and local government ministries. The relationships may be at both political and official levels;
- funding and donor agencies, which may include government departments, trusts/foundations, private sector donors, the general public, external (overseas) governmental, non-governmental, international, bilateral and multilateral aid and development agencies;
- the private sector. Relationships with this sector will partly be about funding, where companies act as donors, but also about other ways in which the private sector supports and works with NGOs. While funding and other relationships with the private sector are not common in all countries, "corporate social responsibility" in the private sector, as noted in Chapter 7, is growing;
- other NGOs (locally, nationally, regionally and internationally);
- individual and organisational members;
- beneficiary groups, communities and individuals who are disadvantaged;
- the general public.
Previous chapters having discussed a number of aspects of the relationships noted above, the following sections discuss the ones NGOs have with government and with funders.
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