Research needs

1. More total energy expenditure measurements are needed in the age ranges from 6 to 12 months, from 1 to 7 or 8 years and over 60 years, to provide a more robust database.

2. More BMR measurements using strict criteria are needed in order to generate predictive equations based on anthropometric indices, particularly in children < 10 years of age and in the 60+ years age group.

3. Aware of the limitations of the Schofield BMR predictive equations, the Group endorses the IDECG's role in the re-analysis of BMR predictive equations from a wider database and using stricter criteria.

4. There is a need to investigate the causes of the relatively large inter-individual variations in BMR. Issues that need attention are the contribution of variations in body composition (in particular those related to the components of fat-free mass), as well as other anthropometric parameters (specifically stature) and their relation to lifestyle, ethnic variations and the range of ambient environmental temperatures.

5. More information is needed on PALs for different levels of activities in all age groups.

6. Minimal levels of physical activity and their impact on long-term health need to be assessed.

7. There is an urgent need to develop new and more precise methods for the rapid, qualitative appraisal of patterns and levels of physical activities of population groups worldwide.